Academic procrastination of undergraduates: Low self-efficacy to self-regulate predicts higher levels of procrastination Source: Contemporary Educational Psychology 33 (2008) 915–931 Authors: Robert M. Klassen, Lindsey L. Krawchuk, Sukaina Rajani Speaker: Cheng-Yee Lee

Introduction Not a e-learning paper Procrastination But can be applied to e-learning Procrastination The intentional delay of an intended course of action, in spite of an awareness of negative outcomes Neural or negative effect Most are neagative

Introduction Known research Self-efficacy Self-esteem procrastination Self-regulation procrastination

Introduction Self-efficacy for self-regulation? Two studies No related research Two studies Study1 Study2 Various factor procrastination Neural procrastinator Negative procrastinator Various factor Various factor

Academic self-efficacy Study 1 Self-regulation Academic self-efficacy Self-esteem Procrastination Self-efficacy For Self-regulation GPA

Study 1 Participant 261 undergraduate students Question survey 90% female Age 18-53, mean 23.33 All are volunteers, without any reward credit Question survey

Academic self-efficacy Study 1 Variable measurement Self-regulation MSLQ (1993) Academic self-efficacy MSLQ (1993) Self-esteem Procrastination Rosenberg. (1979) Tuckman (1992) Self-efficacy For Self-regulation Zimmerman et al. (1992) GPA Self-reported 4-scales

Study 1 Result Reliability

Study 1 Result Correlation matrix

Study 1 Result hierarchical regression analysis

Study 2 Neural Procrastinator Negative Procrastinator GPA GPA Daily procrastination Daily procrastination Task procrastination Task procrastination Self-efficacy For Self-regulation Self-efficacy For Self-regulation Predicted grade Predicted grade Actual grade Actual grade

Study 2 Participant 195 volunteers 72% female 19-40 years (mean 23.20) Distribute survey in the first few weeks of semester And collect their grade at the end of semester

Daily procrastination Study 2 Variable measurement Neural Procrastinator Negative Procrastinator how much does procrastination negatively influence your academic functioning? 4-scales GPA Self-reported 4-scales Daily procrastination How much time do you procrastinate on schoolwork during a typical day Task procrastination Days before due/Days given for completion of previous task Self-efficacy For Self-regulation Zimmerman et al. (1992) Predicted grade Self-reported 4-scales Actual grade From instructor

Study 2 Result

Study 2 Result

Study 2 Result

Study 2 Result

Conclusion High self-regulation does not mean low procrastination Self-efficacy for self-regulation is more suitable for predict procrastination

Comment A typical survey research We can apply SDT theory GPA factors in study 2 is a little redundant We can apply SDT theory Study for internal motivation should have better self-efficacy for self-regulation We can survey similar factors in e-learning environment In study 2, task procrastination can be measured by days before due/days given for viewing full chapter