Towards an Ontology of Military Plans and Planning Barry Smith National Center for Ontological Research, Buffalo with thanks to Peter Morosoff (e-maps) 1

Military Doctrine a guide to action, rather than hard and fast rules provides a common frame of reference across the military helps standardize operations by establishing common ways of accomplishing military tasks facilitating readiness by allowing common ways of training 2

3

Military Doctrine feeds into Military Planning Doctrine provides an authoritative body of consistent* statements on – how military forces conduct (joint) operations – how military plans are to be constructed provides a common lexicon – which must be used by military planners and leaders – which will be what those charged with execution of military plans will anticipate and understand *ideally 4

5

6

7

Why does DoD need a dictionary? For people (people need to understand each other) Training (Developing doctrine, …) Planning (Joint operations, SOPs, …) Executing (C2, …) Reporting, Outcomes evaluation, lessons learned For machines Compiling data (e.g. results of testing …) Sharing of data (Compiling lessons learned …) Collective inferencing

Thesaurus 9

“Plan” in CALL Thesaurus 10

11

Planning (Definition in CALL Thesaurus) Definition/Scope: (ADP 3-0) Planning is the art and science of understanding a situation, envisioning a desired future, and laying out effective ways of bringing about that future. Planning consists of two separate but closely related components: a conceptual component and a detailed component. Successful planning requires integrating both these components. Army leaders employ three methodologies for planning after determining the appropriate mix based on the scope of the problem, their familiarity with it, and the time available. 12

13 Planning

Thesaurus 14

Thesaurus 15

CALL Thesaurus has features of an ontology Evolutionary Hierarchical Controlled vocabulary Machine readable but not: Common upper-level architecture Logically consistent definitions Machine processable (no reasoning) 16

Digitalizing doctrine (the ideal) associate with each term in JP 1.0 a URL formulate authoritative definitions of each term in OWL use these terms as basis for computational definitions of terms at lower levels in the hierarchy, incorporating hyperlinks to the JP 1.0 URLs use OWL reasoners for computer-aided consistency checking The reality is different. Focus here on planning 17

DoD Instruction , August 5, 2013 Sharing Data, Information, and Information Technology (IT) Services in the Department of Defense requires that ‘all salient metadata be discoverable, searchable, and retrievable’ through use of the DSE (= DoD Data Services Environment ) BUT Even if all authoritative sources were registered at DSE, it would not achieve its goal because – Heterogeneous definitions and descriptions – No benefits of inferencing and of rapid introduction and definition of new terms 18

Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) A simple top-level ontology to support information integration Defining a framework that will help to ensure consistency and non-redundancy of the ontologies created in its terms 19

Examples of Users of BFO I2WD Ontologies ( cROP Ontologies EnvO Environment Ontology US Army Biometrics Ontology NIF Standard (Neuroscience) Ontologies OAE Ontology of Adverse Events OBO Foundry Ontologies OGMS Ontology for General Medical Science IDO Infectious Disease Ontologies (NIAID) 20

RELATION TO TIME GRANULARITY CONTINUANTOCCURRENT INDEPENDENTDEPENDENT ORGAN AND ORGANISM Organism (NCBI Taxonomy) Anatomica l Entity (FMA, CARO) Organ Function (FMP, CPRO) Phenotypic Quality (PaTO) Biological Process (GO) CELL AND CELLULAR COMPONENT Cell (CL) Cellular Componen t (FMA, GO) Cellular Function (GO) MOLECULE Molecule (ChEBI, SO, RnaO, PrO) Molecular Function (GO) Molecular Process (GO) The Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) Foundry 21

RELATION TO TIME GRANULARITY CONTINUANTOCCURRENT INDEPENDENTDEPENDENT ORGAN AND ORGANISM Organism (NCBI Taxonomy) Anatomical Entity (FMA, CARO) Organ Function (FMP, CPRO) Phenotypic Quality (PaTO) Biological Process (GO) CELL AND CELLULAR COMPONENT Cell (CL) Cellular Component (FMA, GO) Cellular Function (GO) MOLECULE Molecule (ChEBI, SO, RnaO, PrO) Molecular Function (GO) Molecular Process (GO) Environment Ontology (EnvO) Environments 22

Anatomy Ontology (FMA*, CARO) Environment Ontology (EnvO) Ontology for General Medical Science (OGMS) Biological Process Ontology (GO*) Cell Ontology (CL) Cellular Component Ontology (FMA*, GO*) Phenotypic Quality Ontology (PaTO) CHEBI Sequence Ontology (SO*) Molecular Function (GO*) Protein Ontology (PRO*) Strategy of Modularity & Downward Population 23 top level mid-level domain level Information Artifact Ontology (IAO) Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI) Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)

OGMS Cardiovascular Disease Ontology Genetic Disease Ontology Cancer Disease Ontology Genetic Disease Ontology Immune Disease Ontology Environmental Disease Ontology Oral Disease Ontology Infectious Disease Ontology IDO Staph Aureus IDO MRSA IDO Australian MRSA IDO Australian Hospital MRSA …

Modular, downward population approach in other domains 25 OBO FoundaryOpen Biomedical Ontologies NIF StandardNeuroscience Information Framework IDO ConsortiumInfectious Disease Ontology cROPCommon Reference Ontologies for Plants MilPortal.orgMilitary Ontology I2WD OntologiesIntelligence Ontology Suite

26

I 2 WD Ontology Team Ron Rudnucki CUBRC, University at Buffalo Dr. Tatiana Malyuta NY City College of Technology of CUNY, Data Tactics Corp. Col. Dr. William Mandrick Data Tactics Corp. 27

Basic Formal Ontology Continuant Occurrent Independent Continuant Dependent Continuant 28 Spatial Region Process Temporal Region

of 110 Slot managing Nesting NestedSchema RoleSlot filling Substance Thingevent ObjectsActions Attribute MonadicComplex Location/Void TimeSpace  For any Verbal Representational Interaction that is constructed from typed expressions Root Types from LC Type Theory

BFO and LC Type Theory 30 Slot managing Nesting Nested Schema Role Slot filling Substance Thingevent Object Process Attribute MonadicComplex Location/Void TimeSpace TimeSpaceAttribute

Basic Formal Ontology Continuant Occurrent Independent Continuant Dependent Continuant Object Action Attribute 31 Spatial Region Space Time Process Temporal Region

Continuant Independent Continuant Dependent Continuant Non-realizable Dependent Continuant (quality) Realizable Dependent Continuant (function, role, disposition) TYPES INSTANCES

depends_on Continuant Independent Continuant thing Dependent Continuant quality example: temperature depends on bearer TYPES INSTANCES

the particular case of redness (of a particular fly eye) the universal red instantiates an instance of an eye (in a particular fly) the universal eye instantiates depends on 34

the particular case of redness (of a particular fly eye) red instantiates an instance of an eye (in a particular fly) eye instantiates depends on coloranatomical structure is_a 35

Dependent Continuant Quality Realizable Dependent Continuant 36 DispositionFunctionRole of banana, to ripen of gun, to fire bullets of employee, to work for pay

process of realization depends_on realizable Continuant Occurrent Independent Continuant bearer Realizable Dependent Continuant disposition Process of realization

Role (Externally-Grounded Realizable Entity) role =def. a realizable entity which exists because the bearer is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which the bearer does not have to be, and is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. Realization occurs when the bearer exercises its role. Example: commander role 38

Disposition (Internally-Grounded Realizable Entity) disposition =def. a realizable entity which is such that, if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, and PLANS ARE A SPECIAL TYPE OF DISPOSITION Realization occurs when this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up PLANS ARE A SPECIAL TYPE OF DISPOSITION 39

Function (A Disposition Designed or Selected For) function =def. a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up,, and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain kind. Examples: to rotate (of a propeller), to fly (of a plane) 40

IAO-Intel Ontology IAO-Science Information Artifact Ontology (IAO) Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) 41 BFO-based Ontology Development More than 120 Ontology projects using BFO

Information artifact an entity created through some deliberate act or acts by one or more human beings, and which endures through time, potentially in multiple (for example digital or printed) copies Examples: a diagram on a sheet of paper, a document specifying three alternative courses of action for a commander, a recipe book, a recipe in a recipe book 42

IAO: Report / IAO-Intel: Intelligence Report IAO-Intel terms are defined by using terms from the ontologies in the yellow box via relations such as: is-about created-by derives-from and so forth

Attributes of Information Artifacts Examples – Purpose – Life­cycle Stage (draft, finished version, revision) – Language, – Format – Provenance – Source (person, organization) These are generic attributes, common to all areas IAO will contain a Low-Level Ontology module for each dimension 44

Generic Purpose Attributes – Descriptive purpose: scientific paper, newspaper article, after-action report – Prescriptive purpose: legal code, license, statement of rules of engagement – Directive purpose: instruction, manual, protocol – Designative purpose: a registry of members of an organization, a phone book, a database linking proper names of persons with their social security numbers 45

Question Where do information entities such as databases or s fit in BFO? 46

Basic Formal Ontology Continuant Occurrent Independent Continuant Dependent Continuant Thing Process Attribute 47

Continuant Occurrent Independent Continuant Dependent Continuant Quality Disposition Process Role Realizable Dependent Continuant 48

BFO 1.1: Specifically Dependent Continuant Specifically Dependent Continuant Quality, Role, Disposition Realizable Dependent Continuant if any bearer ceases to exist, then the quality or function ceases to exist the color of my skin the function of my heart 49

Specifically Dependent Continuant Red color of my skin YouMe Accidents do not migrate from one substance to another 50 Red color of your skin depends_on

Generically Dependent Continuant Generically Dependent Continuant pdf file jpg file Gene Sequence if one bearer ceases to exist, then the entity can survive, because there are other bearers (copyability) the pdf file on my laptop the DNA (sequence) in this chromosome 51

Information artifacts pdf file poem symphony algorithm symbol – can migrate from one physical information bearer to another 52

Continuant Independent Continuant Specifically Dependent Continuant Quality Disposition Information Artifact Role Realizable Dependent Continuant 53 Generically Dependent Continuant Gene Sequence BFO 1.1

Continuant Independent Continuant Specifically Dependent Continuant Quality Information Artifact 54 Generically Dependent Continuant Gene Sequence Material Entity Information Bearing Entity

Continuant Independent Continuant Specifically Dependent Continuant Quality Information Artifact 55 Generically Dependent Continuant Material Entity Information Bearing Entity (your hard drive Information Quality Entity (pattern on your hard drive) depends_on

Continuant Independent Continuant Specifically Dependent Continuant Quality Information Content Entity 56 Generically Dependent Continuant Material Entity Information Bearing Entity Information Quality Entity depends_on concretized_by BFO IAO

Independent Continuant Specifically Dependent Continuant Quality Information Content Entity 57 Generically Dependent Continuant Material Entity Information Bearing Entity Information Quality Entity depends_on concretized_by universals instances this hard drive, that book this excitation pattern, that pattern of piles of ink this pdf file, that Target Value Matrix

58

Generically dependent continuants such as plans, laws … are concretized in specifically dependent continuants (the plan in your head, the protocol being realized by your research team, the law being implemented by this government agency) aboutness oughtness But these involve more than just aboutness, they also involve oughtness 59

The issue we are trying to address here How to understand the deontic aspect of plans oughtness committed compulsory optional command (The oughtness of plans: I have made a plan, I am in some sense committed to the plan, some parts of the plan are compulsory, other parts of the plan are optional; I have authority to command others to realize the plan …) 60

Plan specification vs. Plan Recipe in a book vs. Recipe in your head when you start to cook 61

of FILL-IN Plan Specification – A broader view 62 Locator: PlanSpec-ID, time Content: Owner Contributors Approver Statement of mission value Contained plans Containing plans Complementary component plans Parent(s) in doctrinal hierarchy Children in doctrinal hierarchy Goal state Predicted outcomes Execution condition Completion condition Assumed world states Dissemination Assets Actions

Elements of the planning process (early phases) Plan development has_output plan specification Commander performs review of alternative plan specifications Commander commits_to plan specification #1 Commander’s act of commitment has_output plan #1 Commander has_commitment to realize plan #1 by following the actions specified in the plan specification Plan is_a disposition Plan realized_in plan execution Plan has_goal: future world-state F

Information artifact elements Elements of the planning process Information artifact elements plan specification Plan development has_output plan specification Commander performs review of alternative plan specifications plan specification #1 Commander commits_to plan specification #1 Commander’s act of commitment has_output plan #1 plan specification Commander has_commitment to realize plan #1 by following the actions specified in the plan specification Plan is_a disposition Plan realized_in plan execution Plan has_goal: future world-state F

mental elements Elements of the planning process (mental elements) Plan development Plan development has_output plan specification review of Commander performs review of alternative plan specifications commits_to Commander commits_to plan specification #1 act of commitment Commander’s act of commitment has_output plan #1 has_commitment Commander has_commitment to realize plan #1 by following the actions specified in the plan specification Plan is_a disposition Plan realized_in plan execution Plan has_goal: future world-state F

external action-related elements Elements of the planning process (external action-related elements) Plan development has_output plan specification Commander performs review of alternative plan specifications Commander commits_to plan specification #1 Commander’s act of commitment has_output plan #1 actions specified in the plan specification Commander has_commitment to realize plan #1 by following the actions specified in the plan specification disposition Plan is_a disposition plan execution Plan realized_in plan execution has_goal: future world-state F Plan has_goal: future world-state F

What should be the framework for understanding how these elements hang together?

commander will to realize this goal in this way (sincere intention) plan specification including goal, COA commit- ment plan disposition: realize goal by performing specified actions

What is the living plan? Plan creation and maintenance system Living plan Tactical (…) plan outputs for execution 69

Compare Language creation and maintenance system (schools, …) The English language Utterances, written linguistic outputs 70

Compare Price maintenance and creation system Prices (of 1 Euro, of a beer in a Paris bar …) Individual acts of exchange 71

Compare The law creation and maintenance system (the legislature, local courts…) The body of law Individual legal and police actions 72

What is the living plan? The plan creation and maintenance system The living plan (analogue of the body of law) Tactical (…) plan outputs for execution (analogues of utterances, of speakers of a language, of judges …) 73

Appendix: Draft Plan Ontology See current version here: ontology/planning-ontology-draft.owl 74

75

76

77

78

79

80