Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West, CHAPTER 8 1

Latin American Peoples Win Independence Section 1 2

Colonial Society Divided Creoles = officers in Spanish colonial armies but no political power 3

Revolutions in the Americas Enlightenment ideals spread (late 1700s) American Revolution (1776) French Revolution (late 1700s – early 1800s) 4

Haiti Slave rebellion led by Toussaint L’Ouverture on island of Hispaniola First black colony to free itself from European control 5

Creoles Lead Independence Wealthy and educated Studied Enlightenment ideas in Europe Felt no loyalty to King Joseph of Spain (brother of Napoleon) 6

Simon Bolivar /Jose de San Martin 1819 leads independence movement for Venezuela Liberates Argentina in 1816 Chile (1817) Bolivar leads a unified army and obtains independence for Peru Gran Colombia 7

Mexico Leaders = Indians and mestizos Violence 1810 – Padre Miguel Hidalgo leads 80,000 lower class men in march to Mexico City Padre Jose Maria Morelos leads for 4 years Iturbide gains independence in 1821 Central America overthrow Iturbide in

Brazil Prince John of Portugal flees Napoleon and goes to Brazil After his return to Portugal, creoles demand independence 1822 – Dom Pedro declares independence with no violence 9

Liberator of Latin America Journal Entry 1. Pick a leader (L’Ouverture, Bolivar, San Martin, Hidalgo, Dome Pedro) 2. Write a journal entry describing your steps towards independence (two paragraphs of 3-5 sentences) 3. Make sure to explain your actions and how events in Europe influenced your revolution. Extra Credit – include a drawing on separate sheet of paper. 10

Review Questions Section 1 1. Who led the independence movement in Haiti and what type of people participated? 2. Who led the independence movements in the Spanish colonies in the Americas and what type of people participated? 3. What type of people follow Miguel Hidalgo in Mexico’s independence movement? 4. How was Brazil’s independence different? 11

Europe Faces Revolutions Section 2 12

Philosophies 1. Conservative Rich, nobles Traditional monarchy 2. Liberal Middle-class Educated + landowners should vote More power to elected parliaments 3. Radical Democracy for all Liberty, equality, brotherhood Poor, students 13

Nationalism Develops The belief that people’s loyalty should not be to a king/empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture + history 14

Nationalism Collective set of held values, customs, traditions, language, and beliefs held by most in the nation What kinds of values are collectively shared by a group of people? 15

Nationalism Gives Rise to Nation State Nation-state = a nation with its own independent govt. that defends its territory + way of life Liberals were in favor of creating nation-states with constitutional govt. Conservatives against it Old empires collapse 16

Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power Greek independence in 1827 Ruled by Ottoman Empire Kept their ancient history and culture alive 1830s uprising Belgians from Dutch Italian uprising crushed by Metternich (from the pope + Austria) Polish uprising crushed by Russians 17

Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power 1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite Ethnic uprisings in Austria, Hungary, Czech are crushed by conservatives Leads to Metternich’s resignation 18

Radicals Change France Radicals demand democratic govt. King Charles wants to be an absolute monarch Leads to riots Louis-Philippe is replaced by a republic Radicals do not get along and republic collapses Moderate constitution and a strong president Louis-Napoleon (1848) wins election Builds railroads, bridges (encouraged industrialization) 19

Reform in Russia Not industrialized Many believe serfdom (peasants bound to nobles whose land they worked on) is morally wrong But landowners support czar After loss in the Crimean War, Alexander II moves Russia towards modernization and social reforms Frees the serfs (1861) Alexander II is assassinated in 1881 Social reforms stop Industrialization is encouraged to strengthen the country 20

Nationalism Section 3 21

Unity vs. Disunity People of a single ancestry should be united under a single govt. 22

Austro-Hungarian Empire Slovenes, Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, Italians Lose territory to Prussia Hungarians want independence Empire is split into two parts After WWI it no longer exists 23

Russian Empire Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, Turks Russification – forcing Russian culture on everyone in the empire – increases ____________ feelings After WWI the empire falls 24

Ottoman Empire Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, Armenians Ottomans grant equal citizenship Conservative Turks massacred Armenians Tension in the empire Collapses after WWI 25

Cavour Unites Italy Prime Minister of Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia defeats Austrians and takes all of northern Italy Alliance with France and nationalist rebels help him unify Italy 26

Garibaldi Help from Cavour Captures Sicily Unites southern Italy with kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia 27

King Victor Emmanuel II Garibaldi steps aside Conquers Venetia (Austrians) and the Papal States Unified Italy 28

Bismarck Unites Germany German speaking people in German Confederation (controlled by Austrian Empire) + Prussia King Wilhelm of Prussia selects Otto von Bismarck as prime minister Realpolitik – “the politics of reality” Expand Prussia Rule without approval of Parliament Rule with “blood and iron” Weak devoured by strong 29

Seven Weeks’ War Prussia provokes war with Austria and wins control of northern Germany 30

Franco-Prussian War Independent southern German states are Catholic Manipulates war with France and wins Nationalist feelings increase in the South 1871 – Prussia becomes Germany and King Wilhelm I is crowned Kaiser (emperor) Balance of power breaks down 31