Hypnosis Hypnosis: state of awareness characterized by deep relaxation, heightened suggestibility, and focused attention. Hypnosis: state of awareness characterized by deep relaxation, heightened suggestibility, and focused attention. Hypnotist suggests changes in sensations, thoughts, behavior, and perceptions…person (often) experiences them. Hypnotist suggests changes in sensations, thoughts, behavior, and perceptions…person (often) experiences them.

Hypnosis Theories State Theory (Unsupported by Research): Says: hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness - participants enter a trance-like level of consciousness and the hypnotist has control of their “subconscious.”

Hypnosis Theories: Based on Research SOCIAL INFLUENCE THEORY Hypnosis = social phenomenon: participants are doing what’s expected of them - they are acting how they think they’re supposed to act when hypnotized. Hypnosis = a socially acceptable reason to follow certain suggestions. This theory says: pain relief from hypnosis is caused by normal shift/split in selective attention: Ex: Pain not felt during soccer game.

Hypnosis Theories: Based on Research Dissociation Theory = combination of “role” and “state” theories. Ernest Hilgard: hypnosis is really a social agreement that allows dissociation (split in consciousness). One part of you is aware of reality, one part obeys hypnotist.

Hilgard’s “Hidden Observer” Research Supports Dissociation Theory Hidden Observer: describes hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, even though they don’t mention it during hypnosis. Hidden Observer: describes hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, even though they don’t mention it during hypnosis. The “hidden observer” feels the pain - this part of you has normal consciousness. The “hidden observer” feels the pain - this part of you has normal consciousness. Ex: Part of person feels the pain during ice water experiments. Ex: Part of person feels the pain during ice water experiments.

Dissociation and Pain Studies Pain relief studies: theorists say pain stimulus is dissociated (split) from the emotional suffering of pain. Pain relief studies: theorists say pain stimulus is dissociated (split) from the emotional suffering of pain. But is there some part of the person that is feeling the pain? But is there some part of the person that is feeling the pain? “Yes” according to “Hidden Observer” “Yes” according to “Hidden Observer”

Hypnosis Medical Hypnosis - kDU

Perspectives On Dissociation

Hypnosis Concepts: Can Hypnosis Have an Effect After The Session? Posthypnotic Suggestion: a suggestion made during a hypnosis session that will be carried out after hypnosis session is over. “You will no longer feel the need to smoke after this session is over.” Posthypnotic Suggestion: a suggestion made during a hypnosis session that will be carried out after hypnosis session is over. “You will no longer feel the need to smoke after this session is over.” Has helped alleviate real conditions. “Non-deceptive placebo effect.” Has helped alleviate real conditions. “Non-deceptive placebo effect.”

Facts About Hypnosis Unhypnotized people can and will do the same things as hypnotized people. Ex: throw acid in face. Unhypnotized people can and will do the same things as hypnotized people. Ex: throw acid in face. Those who are imaginative and fantasy prone are best hypnosis patients. Those who are imaginative and fantasy prone are best hypnosis patients. No one can be hypnotized if they do not want to be. No one can be hypnotized if they do not want to be.

Altered Consciousness and Drugs Psychoactive Drug: Any chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood. Impairs brain mechanisms that help us make good decisions. Psychoactive Drug: Any chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood. Impairs brain mechanisms that help us make good decisions. Three Basic Categories: Three Basic Categories: Depressants: “Downers” calm neural activity and slow body functions. Includes opiates and barbiturates. Depressants: “Downers” calm neural activity and slow body functions. Includes opiates and barbiturates. Stimulants: “Uppers” excite neural activity Stimulants: “Uppers” excite neural activity Hallucinogens: distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. Hallucinogens: distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

Why Do Drugs Get People “High?” All drugs (from alcohol go cocaine) work at the neurological level and affect the brain’s synapses. All drugs (from alcohol go cocaine) work at the neurological level and affect the brain’s synapses.They… … stimulate the release of certain neurotransmitters. … stimulate the release of certain neurotransmitters. … mimic the activity of neurotransmitters (agonists) … mimic the activity of neurotransmitters (agonists) … inhibit (prevent) the release of neurotransmitters (antagonists) … inhibit (prevent) the release of neurotransmitters (antagonists)

Mouse Party

Drugs and Impact on Your Body The most addictive drugs like heroin, cocaine, and amphetamines stimulate the reward centers in your brain making you feel a sense of euphoria. The most addictive drugs like heroin, cocaine, and amphetamines stimulate the reward centers in your brain making you feel a sense of euphoria.

Drugs and Social Expectations Drug experiences vary depending on the culture you are in. Drug experiences vary depending on the culture you are in. Often people act how they think they should act when on a certain drug. Often people act how they think they should act when on a certain drug. Ex: Alcohol belief studies. Ex: Alcohol belief studies.

Depressants Alcohol: suppresses parts of the brain that control judgment, inhibitions, and can seriously alter physical functioning in high doses (balance, memory, consciousness, death). Alcohol: suppresses parts of the brain that control judgment, inhibitions, and can seriously alter physical functioning in high doses (balance, memory, consciousness, death). If you have an urge while sober, you’re more likely to follow through on it while drunk. If you have an urge while sober, you’re more likely to follow through on it while drunk. Alcohol will increase any tendency you have whether it is harmful or helpful. Alcohol will increase any tendency you have whether it is harmful or helpful. It always acts a depressant, even if you only have one drink. It always acts a depressant, even if you only have one drink.

Depressants Barbiturates: depress central nervous system and reduces anxiety but impairs memory and judgment. Barbiturates: depress central nervous system and reduces anxiety but impairs memory and judgment. Ex: sleep aids, “special k,” benzodiapezines (xanax and valium), tranquilizers, etc. Ex: sleep aids, “special k,” benzodiapezines (xanax and valium), tranquilizers, etc.

Depressants Opiates: opium and its derivatives from poppy plant, depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. Opiates: opium and its derivatives from poppy plant, depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. Ex: morphine, heroin, opium. Ex: morphine, heroin, opium. Opiates usually mimic endorphins; cause massive craving, withdrawal, and addiction - body stops producing its natural opiates (endorphins). Opiates usually mimic endorphins; cause massive craving, withdrawal, and addiction - body stops producing its natural opiates (endorphins).

Heroin Derived from Morphine in 1800s by Bayer Company

Stimulants Wide variety of substances fall under the category of stimulants including: Wide variety of substances fall under the category of stimulants including: Caffeine Caffeine Nicotine Nicotine Amphetamines (“speed”) and methamphetamines (“crystal meth”) Amphetamines (“speed”) and methamphetamines (“crystal meth”) Cocaine Cocaine MDMA (Ecstasy) MDMA (Ecstasy)

Stimulants Speed up heart rate and breathing rates, often use to keep awake, lose weight, or to boost mood. Speed up heart rate and breathing rates, often use to keep awake, lose weight, or to boost mood. All stimulants can become highly addictive and often come with a “crash” when high is over with. All stimulants can become highly addictive and often come with a “crash” when high is over with.

Stimulants Cocaine: powerful stimulant - 15 to 30 minute “rush.” Crack produces quicker and more intense high but lasts shorter period of time. Cocaine: powerful stimulant - 15 to 30 minute “rush.” Crack produces quicker and more intense high but lasts shorter period of time. Drug depletes (decreases) the brain’s supply of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine often causing depression. Also increases paranoia and increases risk of heart problems. Drug depletes (decreases) the brain’s supply of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine often causing depression. Also increases paranoia and increases risk of heart problems. May increase aggressive behaviors and causes extreme addiction. May increase aggressive behaviors and causes extreme addiction.

Stimulants Methamphetamine: (crystal meth, ice, speed). Causes large increases in alertness and may cause increase in energy and produce a euphoria. Methamphetamine: (crystal meth, ice, speed). Causes large increases in alertness and may cause increase in energy and produce a euphoria. Often leads to extreme addiction, insomnia, nervousness, or even seizures. Often leads to extreme addiction, insomnia, nervousness, or even seizures.

Hallucinogens (Psychedelics) Drugs create hallucinations, altered perceptions, and blur line between self and external world. Drugs create hallucinations, altered perceptions, and blur line between self and external world. Most well known hallucinogen is LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamine): probably most powerful hallucinogen. Most well known hallucinogen is LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamine): probably most powerful hallucinogen. Other examples: marijuana, peyote, angel dust, mescaline, and “magic mushrooms.” Other examples: marijuana, peyote, angel dust, mescaline, and “magic mushrooms.”

Hallucinogens Marijuana: consists of flowers and leaves from the hemp plant and when smoked or ingested acts as a mild hallucinogen. Marijuana: consists of flowers and leaves from the hemp plant and when smoked or ingested acts as a mild hallucinogen. Relaxes, disinhibits, and impairs motor functions of individuals while at the same time amplifying sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes, and smells. Relaxes, disinhibits, and impairs motor functions of individuals while at the same time amplifying sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes, and smells. Main active ingredient=THC Main active ingredient=THC

Hallucinogens Marijuana has been promoted for medical use. Marijuana has been promoted for medical use. Advocates say that marijuana serves as relief for people suffering from intense pain, nausea, or that have trouble eating. Advocates say that marijuana serves as relief for people suffering from intense pain, nausea, or that have trouble eating. Medical community is split - most recognize the toxicity of the smoke is a drawback to using the drug medically. Medical community is split - most recognize the toxicity of the smoke is a drawback to using the drug medically. Marijuana also disrupts memory formation and may cause sexual dysfunctions. Marijuana also disrupts memory formation and may cause sexual dysfunctions.

General Concepts and Drugs Physical vs. Psychological Dependence Physical vs. Psychological Dependence Tolerance: diminishing effect of drug with the same dose, requires user to take more to get same high. Tolerance: diminishing effect of drug with the same dose, requires user to take more to get same high. Withdrawal: discomfort and distress associated with quitting the use of an addictive drug. Withdrawal: discomfort and distress associated with quitting the use of an addictive drug.

Influences on Drug Use Perception of the risk involved with a drug helps predict levels of use. Perception of the risk involved with a drug helps predict levels of use.

Influences on Drug Use Also evidence that there may be biological influences in drug use. Couple examples: Also evidence that there may be biological influences in drug use. Couple examples: Identical twin with alcoholism other twin has increased risk. Identical twin with alcoholism other twin has increased risk. Molecular geneticists have found gene that is more common in people with alcoholism. Molecular geneticists have found gene that is more common in people with alcoholism.

Influences on Drug Use Peer factor is perhaps most powerful. Peer factor is perhaps most powerful. Family strength, religiousness, morality are near as big as predictors as whether or not peers use drugs. If your friends do drugs, odds are high that you may do them too. Family strength, religiousness, morality are near as big as predictors as whether or not peers use drugs. If your friends do drugs, odds are high that you may do them too. Why many addicts have to change their social networks in order to remain drug free. Why many addicts have to change their social networks in order to remain drug free.