Human Body Systems Chapter 35-1

Organization of the body 1. CELLS: Simplest, lowest level of organization Each cell type has a different function and special features All cells have the same DNA within one organism 2. TISSUE: A group of cells that work together with a common function 4 types: Epithelial – lines surfaces of organs Connective – support for the body and connect different parts Nervous – transmits nerve impulses through body Muscle – moves body parts and organs

Picture of Body Tissues 4 basic tissues from non-related locations 4 basic tissues in related locations of one organ

Organization of the body Continued 3. Organs: A group of different tissues that work together with a common function Ex: Eye, heart 4. Organ Systems: A group of organs that work together with a common function There are 11 organ systems

Maintaining Homeostasis: Feedback Inhibition In order to maintain homeostasis (a stable internal environment), the human body is constantly monitoring itself In order to keep body levels in a constant range, a process called “Feedback Inhibition” is used When the concentration or amount of something gets too high, it causes the production to shut off When the concentration or amount of something gets too low, it causes the production to turn on Example: Home heating system If you set the thermostat to 70, the heater warms the house until that temperature An internal sensor shuts off the heater when the temperature is 70 If the temperature drops too far below 70, the internal sensor turns the heater back on

How is Feedback Inhibition Used in the Body? Maintaining homeostasis requires all 11 body systems to work together Feedback Inhibition is used to maintain normal levels of the following: Temperature (Similar to a home heating system) Nervous, integumentary, and muscular systems all work together pH Water concentration Hormone Levels Many more!!

Body Systems: Integumentary Includes: Skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands Function: Regulated body temp Excrete a small amount of waste through sweat Protective barrier from invaders and infection Protection from UV radiation

Body Systems: Skeletal Includes: Bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons Functions: Supports the body Protects internal organs Allows movement (in conjunction with the muscular system) Stores minerals (ex: Calcium) Site of blood cell formation

Body Systems: Muscular Includes: Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Functions: Works with the skeletal system to produce voluntary movement Helps circulate the blood Moves internal organs

Body Systems: Excretory Includes: Skin Lungs Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Function: Eliminates cellular, metabolic waste

Body Systems: Digestive Includes: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum Function: Converts foods into simpler molecules tat can be used by the cells of the body: absorbs food, eliminates non-digestable material

Body Systems: Circulatory Includes: Heart Blood vessels Blood Function: Brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells Fights infection Removes cell wastes Helps to regulate body temperature

Body System: Respiratory Includes: Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Function: Provides oxygen needed for cell respiration and removes excess carbon dioxide Aka: Gas exchange

Body Systems: Nervous Includes: Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves Functions: Recognizes and coordinates responses to changes in the internal and external environment Maintains short-term homeostasis

Body Systems: Endocrine Includes: Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries (in females), testes (in males) Function: Controls growth and development Controls metabolism Maintains homeostasis over the long-term

Body Systems: Reproductive Includes: Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra and penis (males) Ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina (females) Function: Produce reproductive cells In females: protect, nurture and develop an embryo

Body Systems: Lymphatic/Immune Includes: White blood cells, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels Function: Helps protect the body from disease Collects fluid lost from blood vessels and returns the fluid to the circulatory system