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Chapter 30 Mammals Section 1: Mammalian Characteristics Section 2: Diversity of Mammals

Mammals  Hair and Mammary Glands: Two characteristics that distinguish members of class Mammalia from other vertebrate animals are hair and mammary glands.

Other Characteristics  Endothermy Mammals  Source of body heat is internal.  Heat is produced by a high metabolic rate.  Body temperature is regulated by internal feedback mechanisms Mammalian Characteristics Chapter 30

Digestive System

Feeding and Digestion  Daily intake of food is used to generate heat to maintain a constant body temperature. Mammals Chapter 30

Ingestion  Mechanical digestion  Chemical digestion  Involves chewing food to break it down into smaller pieces  The action of enzymes in breaking down large molecules into smaller molecules

The Digestive System

Digestive organs and their jobs!! Liver: filters out harmful substances or wastes, turning some of the waste into more bile. The liver even helps figure out how many nutrients will go to the rest of the body Gall bladder: serves as a warehouse for bile, storing it until the body needs it.

More organs Stomach: a stretchy sack shaped like the letter J. 3 important jobs:  to store the food you've eaten  to break down the food into a liquid mixture  to slowly empty that liquid mixture into the small intestine

More organs Small intestine: breaks down the food mixture even more so your body can absorb all the vitamins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, and fats…22 feet longcarbohydrates Large intestine: it's almost the last stop on the digestive tract…5 feet Spleen: creates lymphocytes for the destruction and recycling of old red-blood cells. Pancreas: makes juices that help the body digest fats and protein.

Respiratory System  The respiratory system sustains cellular respiration by supplying oxygen to body cells and removing carbon dioxide waste from cells.  Breathing is the mechanical movement of air into and out of your lungs.  External respiration is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood.  Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between the blood and the body’s cells.

Respiratory organs and their jobs!! Lungs: breathing…Inhale: oxygen enters the blood in capillaries, traveling on red blood cells to the heart…which delivers O to tissues. Exhale: your cells have used the oxygen they need, and your blood is carrying carbon dioxide outside.

Circulatory, Respiratory, and Excretory Systems

 Mammals require a consistent supply of nutrients and oxygen to maintain homeostasis.  Keeping oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate makes the delivery of nutrients and oxygen more efficient. Circulatory System

34.1 Circulatory System Functions of the Circulatory System Circulatory, Respiratory, and Excretory Systems  Transports oxygen and nutrients  Carries disease-fighting materials produced by the immune system  Contains cell fragments and proteins for blood clotting  Distributes heat throughout the body to help regulate body temperature

Circulatory, Respiratory, and Excretory Systems Chapter 34

 Mammals have highly developed brains.  1. Cerebrum (Cerebral cortex) is responsible for coordinating conscious activities, memory, and the ability to learn.  2. Cerebellum is responsible for balance and coordinating movement.  3-4. Brain stem and spinal cord are the relay stations for stimuli and impulses Nervous System

Describe the following parts of the peripheral nervous system while stubbing your toe. (sensory or motor axon, sensory or motor dendrite, and cell body)  Think about sensory meaning sensing things, and motor moving things

Peripheral System…Draw and explain  Motor  Sensory  Axon  Dendrite  Cell Body

 The small gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron is called a synapse.  An action potential is carried across these gaps by neurotransmitters. How does the impulse work? The Synapse 33.1 Structure of the Nervous System

Homeostasis  Homeostasis is the bodies ability to maintain an internal balance and equilibrium.

Homeostatic Examples  Body Temperature  Breathing  Pulse Rate

What are the three groups of mammals, give a unique characteristic and an example of each.

Mammals Monotremes  Reproduce by laying eggs  Duck-billed platypus  Echidna Echidna 30.2 Diversity of Mammals Chapter 30

Marsupials  Very short period of development in the uterus Mammals  Crawl into a pouch made of skin and hair and continue development while being nourished by milk from the mother’s mammary glands Kangaroo 30.2 Diversity of Mammals Chapter 30

Placental Mammals  Give birth to young that do not need further development within a pouch Mammals  Represented by 18 orders Shrew Humpback whale 30.2 Diversity of Mammals Chapter 30

Mammals 30.2 Diversity of Mammals Chapter 30

Chapter 31 Animal Behavior Section 1: Basic Behaviors Section 2: Ecological Behaviors

Behavior  Behavior can occur in response to an internal or external stimulus Basic Behaviors Animal Behavior Chapter 31 What influences behavior?  Behavior results from the interaction of genetically based behaviors and behaviors based on experience.

Innate vs Learned Behavior  What triggers a response to a stimulus?  The answer usually is found by studying the internal biology of an animal.  What advantage does the behavior provide?  The answers are tied to the evolution of behavior through natural selection.

Innate Behavior  Behaviors are referred to as innate when the same behavior commonly is observed among a large number of individuals within a population, even if the environments are different.  Mealworm Behavior Mealworm Behavior Animal Behavior 31.1 Basic Behaviors Mealworm Behavior Chapter 31

Fixed Action Patterns  A stimulus triggers an innate response that the animal does not control and is not directly influenced by environmental conditions or past experiences.

Learned Behavior  Learned behaviors result from an interaction between innate behaviors and past experiences within a particular environment. Animal Behavior 31.1 Basic Behaviors Chapter 31

 Classical conditioning occurs when an association is made between two different kinds of stimuli.

Operant Conditioning  In operant conditioning, an animal learns to associate its response to a stimulus with a reward or a punishment. Animal Behavior  For example, when a bird eats a butterfly that tastes bad, it associates the color of the butterfly with the taste and avoids all butterflies of that color Basic Behaviors Visualizing Types of Behavior Chapter 31

Imprinting  Some animals form a social attachment to the first object they see after birth.  Other animals imprint on the chemical composition of the water in which they are hatched.

Cognitive Behavior  Thinking, reasoning, and processing information to understand complex concepts and solve problems are cognitive behaviors. Animal Behavior  Humans exhibit cognitive behaviors when they solve problems, make decisions, and plan for the future Basic Behaviors Chapter 31

Competitive Behaviors  Competition for food, space, mates, and other resources occurs between individuals within a population. Animal Behavior  Competitive behaviors allow individuals to establish dominance or control of an area or resource Ecological Behaviors Chapter 31

Migratory Behaviors  Animals that engage in migratory behaviors increase their chances of survival by searching out new food sources. Animal Behavior 31.2 Ecological Behaviors Chapter 31

Biological Rhythms  Many animals have an internal clock that maintains the daily rhythm of the sleep/wake cycle.  A circadian rhythm is a cycle, such as sleeping and waking, that occur daily.