Evaluation of the WVSS-II Sensor Using Co-located In-situ and Remotely Sensed Observations Sarah Bedka, Ralph Petersen, Wayne Feltz, and Erik Olson CIMSS University of Wisconsin, Madison

WVSS-II Moisture Sensor WVSS-II is a laser diode mixing ratio measurement system manufactured by During this WVSS-II validation experiment, between 25 and 30 UPS B757 aircraft were equipped with WVSS-II sensors.

WVSS-II Validation Experiment Details: AERIBago Location Kentucky Air National Guard Base, Louisville Airport

 Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI)  VAISALA 25K Ceilometer WVSS-II Validation Experiment Ground- Based Instrumentation  Vaisala DigiCORA III RS-92 GPS Sounding System  VAISALA Surface PTU Station  GPS Receiver

Key Experiment Logistics Dates June 14-24, 2005 # of Matching Aircraft 17 (10 version 1, 7 version 2) # of Rawinsonde launches per day 3 (Mon-Thurs) 2 (Fri) None on Sat, Sun Total # Rawinsonde Launches 27 Total # Rawinsonde/WVSS-II matches (ascending only) 49 Approximate Launch Times (UTC) 0645, 0240 (Mon-Fri) 0930 (Mon-Thurs only)

Validation Methodology Match Criteria: 1)WVSS-II time was within +/- 60 minutes of Rawinsonde Launch time 2)Distance between WVSS-II and Rawinsonde was less than 50 km RMS/Bias statistics were calculated at the aircraft reported pressure level and then grouped into 10 mb bins. At least 20 matches were required to calculate statistics at any level.

Additional Constraints 1)Only profiles obtained from ascending aircraft were included. This is due to the occasional erroneous report in areas of high humidity and clouds, but only on descent. This problem will be addressed through a future hardware change. 2) Results were calculated by limiting assessment to regions where the observed mixing ratio was greater than 2 g/kg. 3) Assessment of moisture was made in terms of the primary WVSS-II water vapor observation, mixing ratio (or specific humidity). This is to eliminate the carry-over of any instrument temperature bias in the moisture assessment, as would be the case for Relative Humidity.

Sample Specific Humidity profiles Both WVSS-II profiles at this time match the rawinsonde profile well. Profiles are from 16 minutes (red) and 39 minutes (green) before the rawinsonde launch. These reports show a much greater spread between the individual aircraft reports and the rawinsonde report. Of 3 ‘outlying’ reports, one was taken significantly before the rawinsonde launch (52 minutes), one of the others had the exact same starting time.

Specific Humidity (g/kg) Statistics Bias ranges from about 0.1 to 0.3 g/kg, and RMS ranges from about 0.6 to 1 g/kg between the surface and 800 hPa. Above 800 hPa, the bias increases to between 0.3 and 0.5 g/kg, and the RMS increased to between 1 and 1.4 k/kg.

Temperature ( o C) Statistics Aircraft temperature measurements exhibit a clear warm bias (about 0.5 o C) at all levels above the immediate boundary layer. This error would be amplified in the calculation of RH (%), resulting in artificially dry values.

RH(%) Statistics: Calculated vs. Reported RH (%) values were calculated using the WVSS-II specific humidity value and the rawinsonde temperature value. Calculated RH values show almost no bias between the surface and 800 hPa, while the original reported values show a negative bias of between 2% and 4% at most levels.

Data Precision Issues The method used to transmit the WVSS-II data from aircraft to ground limits the precision of the reports to only 3 digits: two for the mantissa of the report and 1 for the power of 10. Unfortunately, the process of rounding or truncating data to the nearest two-digit integer can add substantial error to the moisture reports exceeding 10 k/kg. This error varies according to the value of the reported mixing ratio itself. For example: Observations of both 10.6 and 11.4 g/kg would be reported as 11 g/kg, even though the measurements themselves were separated by 0.8 k/kg.

Data Precision Issues < 10 g/kg  10 g/kg Note that the minimum requirement of 20 matches per bin was relaxed to 5 matches per bin due to the reduced number of data points with values  10 g/kg. However, the increase in RMS, Bias and SD for larger SH is clear. Eliminating the low precision reports reduced the RMS and Standard Deviation by as much as 50% in the lowest 100 mb.

Proposed Data Encoding Alternative

Conclusions Moisture observations made by WVSS-II equipped commercial (UPS) aircraft show a small, but positive bias in the boundary layer, with slightly larger values above. Specific humidity RMS and standard deviation average around 1 g/kg at all levels. These specific humidity statistics correspond to RH biases of nearly zero throughout the lowest 200 hPa of the atmosphere and increasing to about 5% aloft. Mixing ratio values above 10 g/kg show dramatically higher RMS and Bias than those below 10 g/kg, probably due to the encoding precision conventions used in constructing the transmitted reports. - Eliminating low precision reports reduced the RMS by as much as 50% (about 0.6 g/kg) in the lowest 100 mb.