Lecture 14

Outline For Rest of Semester Oct. 29 th Chapter 9 (Earth) Nov 3 rd and 5 th Chapter 9 and Chapter 10 (Earth and Moon) Nov. 10 th and 12 th Mars, Venus, and Mercury Nov. 17 th and 19 th Jupiter and Saturn Nov 24 th Uranus and Neptune Nov 26 th Thanksgiving Dec. 1 st - Exam 3 Dec. 3 rd – Pluto, and the Kuiper Belt Dec. 8 th and 10 th – Chapter 7 and 8 (Comparative Planetology I and II) Tuesday December 15 th (7:30 am – 10:15 am) Final Exam No Reading days are scheduled this semester. (Exam Period begins at 7:30 a.m. on Monday, December 14 and ends on December 21)

Outline Quiz discussion Review question Neptune and Uranus

Roche limit Some of the small shepherd satellites within Saturn's ring system are also inside Saturn's Roche Limit. Why are they not torn apart by tidal forces due to Saturn's gravity? 1. The Roche Limit applies only to the ring particles, not to anything as large as a satellite 2. The interaction between Saturn's strong magnetic field and the magnetic fields generated by the shepherd satellites helps to hold the satellites together. 3. The Roche Limit only applies to objects held together by mutual gravitational attraction, not to chunks of rock like the shepherd satellites. 4. Unlike the ring particles, the satellites are large enough to produce significant gravitational fields of their own, and these counteract the tidal forces.

Opposition Which planet will appear more often at opposition, Jupiter or Saturn? 1. Same 2. Jupiter 3. Saturn

In-class quiz 15 quiz points for any answer Triple points if all answers today correct

Earth, Moon, Sun, Venus, and Mars

Register for quiz 3 Text to 41411: astr111 3 rweigel You will receive either one or two texts in response Replace with your GMU name

Register for quiz 3 Text to 41411: astr111 3 rweigel-jsmith1-hjones7 You will receive either one or two texts in response Separate group member names with hyphen Late students may not work in group

3 1 a 3 1 b 3 1 c 3 1 d If you think the black dots best represent configuration in photo, text 3 1 d Which case, blue, red, green, or black, best represents the configuration in the photo?

3 1 a 3 1 b 3 1 c 3 1 d If you think the black dots best represent configuration in photo, text 3 1 d Which case, blue, red, green, or black, best represents the configuration in the photo?

3 2 b 3 2 a Where is the best placement of moon? 3 2 c 3 2 d

b a c d

Suggested Reading Chapters on Uranus and Neptune

Neptune and Uranus

Doubling the Solar System

How can you tell the difference between a planet and a distant star? (assume the both span the same angular distance) a.Planet always moves in retrograde b.Star always appears at same position in sky c.Star position repeats after one year, planet does not d.Planet position repeats after on year, star does not 3

Uranus Hershel “discovered” it A Short History of Nearly Everything By Bill Bryson (Travel Writer and Humorist)

Neptune’s discovery A triumph of modern science + =

The Pioneer anomaly Is history repeating itself? Pioneer plaque

ep/12/spaceexploration.research Some researchers say unseen 'dark matter' may permeate the universe and that this is affecting the Pioneers' passage. Others say flaws in our understanding of the laws of gravity best explain the crafts' wayward behaviour. As a result, scientists are to press a European Space Agency (Esa) meeting, called Cosmic Visions, in Paris this week for backing for a mission that would follow the Pioneers and pinpoint the cause of their erratic movements.

The reasons for the anomaly have caused a rift among physicists, … 'Unless there is really good evidence to the contrary, we should stick to simple ideas like these and not go around blaming strange new types of particle or flaws in general relativity,' said Professor Martin Barstow, of Leicester University. One proposal put forward is that Newton's idea that the force of gravity weakens as distance increases may be incorrect over very large spaces, and may drop off over very long distances.

Neptune Galileo missed it – noted something that star seemed to have moved in relation to other stars. Yo-hoo Over here

Neptune’s orbit Uranus is at about 20 AU and Neptune is at about 30 AU. The ratio is 3:2. Does this mean anything?

Neptune’s orbit Uranus is at about 20 AU and Neptune is at about 30 AU. The ratio is 3:2. Does this mean anything? Saturn’s orbit is 9.5 AU, Jupiter’s orbit is at 5.2 AU. Mercury is at 0.38 AU, Venus is at 0.73 AU, Earth is at 1 AU, Mars is at 1.5 AU.

Atmosphere

Both Uranus and Neptune have atmospheres composed primarily of hydrogen, helium, and a few percent methane What colors does methane absorb?

Methane is a greenhouse gas Greenhouse gasses tend to absorb long wavelength photons, which Earth’s surface emits Is the color of Uranus consistent with this?

Methane is a greenhouse gas Greenhouse gasses tend to absorb long wavelength photons, which Earth’s surface emits Is the color of Uranus consistent with this? –Red has long wavelength, blue short. –So methane absorbing long wavelength photons is consistent with it being a greenhouse gas

Bizarro tilt on Uranus

Exaggerated Seasons On Uranus Uranus’s axis of rotation lies nearly in the plane of its orbit, producing greatly exaggerated seasonal changes on the planet This unusual orientation may be the result of a collision with a planetlike object early in the history of our solar system. Such a collision could have knocked Uranus on its side

Will Uranus always be tilted?

Which would you guess has a more active atmosphere? –Based on distance from Sun –Based on above pictures

Neptune looks more active But its orbit is 30 AU compared to 20 AU for Uranus. What is the difference between amount of energy they receive?

Triggering of Storms

“Thanks to distance, Neptune receives less than one-half of the amount of solar energy than Uranus.” Where did the “one-half” number come from?

“Thanks to distance, Neptune receives less than one-half of the amount of solar energy than Uranus.” Where did the “one-half” number come from? –Energy Flux ~ 1/r 2 –Energy Flux Uranus ~ 1/20 2 = 1/400 –Energy Flux Neptune ~ 1/30 2 = 1/900 –Ratio is 400/900, which is a little less than 0.5

Interior

Uranus and Neptune contain a higher proportion of heavy elements than Jupiter and Saturn Both Uranus and Neptune may have a rocky core surrounded by a mantle of water and ammonia Electric currents in the mantles may generate the magnetic fields of the planets

They should not exist

Bizarro Magnetic Axis The magnetic fields of both Uranus and Neptune are oriented at unusual angles

The magnetic axes of both Uranus and Neptune are steeply inclined from their axes of rotation The magnetic and rotational axes of all the other planets are more nearly parallel The magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune are also offset from the centers of the planets

Moons and Rings un14vi03.mov Movie 16.3

Uranus and Neptune each have a system of thin, dark rings Movie 16.3

Discovery of Uranian Rings

Movie Movie 16.2

Some of Uranus’s satellites show evidence of past tidal heating Uranus has five satellites similar to the moderate- sized moons of Saturn, plus at least 22 more small satellites

Heavily cratered Dramatic topography Unfinished tidal heating?

Triton is a frigid, icy world with a young surface and a tenuous atmosphere Neptune has 13 satellites, one of which (Triton) is comparable in size to our Moon or the Galilean satellites of Jupiter Triton has a young, icy surface indicative of tectonic activity The energy for this activity may have been provided by tidal heating that occurred when Triton was captured by Neptune’s gravity into a retrograde orbit Triton has a tenuous nitrogen atmosphere

Neptune was a.predicted to exist through its gravitational effect on Uranus b. discovered in ancient times because it is a naked-eye object. c. found by accident during a search for comets. d.predicted to exist through its gravitational effect on Saturn. e.was discovered using a radio telescope. 3 4

Neptune was a.predicted to exist through its gravitational effect on Uranus b. discovered in ancient times because it is a naked-eye object. c. found by accident during a search for comets. d.predicted to exist through its gravitational effect on Saturn. e.was discovered using a radio telescope. 3 4

Which of the following statements correctly describes a currently proposed picture for the formation of Uranus and Neptune? a.Uranus and Neptune formed where they are now with the mass and composition we see today. b.Uranus and Neptune formed farther from the Sun than they are now and gradually spiraled inward to their present orbits. c.Uranus and Neptune formed closer to the Sun than they are now and were pushed outward to their present orbits. d.Uranus is a result of the collision of a Mars- sized object with Neptune. 3 5

We know that Neptune contains a larger amount of heavier elements than Saturn. We know this because Neptune a.is smaller than Saturn b.has a higher density than Saturn c.is farther from the Sun than Saturn d.has a lower density than Saturn e.is larger than Saturn. 3 6