1973 In aftermath of war with Israel, Arab members of Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) raise oil prices Nov-Dec 1979 Saudis put down uprising in Grand Mosque in Mecca Promotion of Wahhabi Islam at home and abroad

Dec 1979 Soviets invade Afghanistan. Opposed by mujahidin 1977 Military coup brings political Islamist Zia ul-Haq to power in Pakistan. Begins Islamisation programme Hanafi (Sunni) legal code (Nominally) Deobandi madrasas Support from Saudi for madrasas

Anwar al-Sadat (r ) Sep 1978 Camp David Accords. Peace between Egypt and Israel, with agreements concerning Palestinians Oct 1981 Sadat assassinated by jihadis Menachem Begin (d. 1992), Jimmy Carter and Anwar al-Sadat (d. 1981)

1986 Ayman al-Zawahiri, after time in Egyptian jail, moves to Afghan border 1989 Soviets leave Afghanistan. Al-Zawahiri moves to Sudan, directs attacks against Egyptian interests

1982 Israelis invade southern Lebanon. Formation of Hizb Allah (“Party of God”, Twelver Shi‘ite) with Iranian support Mappilas 2000 Israelis withdraw from S. Lebanon 2005 Hizb Allah enters Lebanese government

1987 Intifada in Gaza Strip and West Bank. Formation of Hamas (“zeal”, Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya, Sunni) 1993 Oslo Accords, rejected by Hamas 2006 Hamas wins Palestinian Authority elections

1989 Soviets evacuate Afghanistan. Civil war follows 1994 Taliban (“students”) respond to calls for restoration of order in Afghanistan 1996 Taliban establish Islamic state in Afghanistan

1979 ‘Abd Allah ‘Azzam ( ) moves to Pakistan, sets up centre for supporting mujahidin Globalising jihad Insistence on universal participation in military jihad Glorifying martyrdom

Usama ibn Ladin (Osama bin Laden, ) Born in Riyadh into very wealthy family Influenced by ‘Azzam at university

1980 OBL joins ‘Azzam in Pakistan 1986 OBL meets al-Zawahiri c OBL founds al-Qa‘ida (al-Qaeda, “the Base”) 1990 Saddam Husayn of Iraq (r ) invades Kuwait. King Fahd of Saudi (r ) rebuffs OBL in favour of American aid. OBL is eventually exiled

OBL spends time in Sudan 1996 OBL moves to Afghanistan 1998 OBL persuades al-Zawahiri to join al-Qa‘ida Bombing of American embassies in Tanzania and Kenya 2000 Bombing of USS Cole

9/11 as culmination of attacks on “far enemy” “Martyrdom operation” May 2011 OBL killed by US Special Forces. Al-Zawahiri takes over al-Qa‘ida