AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PART OF EFFERENT DIVISION OF PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

ANATOMY OF THE ANS PRESYMPATHETIC NEURON -- CELL BODY IN CNS POSTSYMPATHETIC NEURON --CELL BODY IN PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AUTONOMIC PLEXUS

PARASYMPATHETIC VS SYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS

EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

SYMPATHETIC DIVISION LOCATED IN LATERAL HORNS IN GRAY MATTER T-1 TO L-2 THORACOLUMBAR LEAVES SPINAL CORD THROUGH VENTRAL ROOMS ENTER VENTRAL RAMI OF SPINAL NERVES ENTER SYMPATHETIC CHAIN GANGLIA SYMPATHETIC TRUNKS

SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM RAMI COMMUNICANTES –WHITE –GRAY

SYMPATHETIC CHAIN GANGLIA PARAVERTERBRAL GANGLIA SYMPATHETIC TRUNK WHITE RAMI COMMUNICANTES –MYELINATED –CARRY IMPULSES FROM SPINAL NERVE TO CHAIN GANGLIA GRAY RAMI COMMUNICANTES

FATE OF PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS UPON ENTERING SYMPATHETIC CHAIN GANGLIA

MAY SYNAPSE WITH POSTGANGLIONIC IN SYMPATHETIC CHAIN GANGLIA AT THE SAME LEVEL RETURN TO SPINAL NERVE TO INNERVATE EFFECTORS. GRAY RAMI COMMUNICANTES ARE FORMED BY UNMYELINATED POSTGANGLIONIC AXONS AS THEY PASS FROM CHANIN GANGLIA TO SPINAL NERVES

MAY TRAVEL UP OR DOWN WITHIN SYMPATHETIC TRUNKS BEFORE SYNAPSING WITH POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS THAT SUPPLY EFFECTORS IN SKIN, HEAD, OR THORAX

MAY PASS THROUGH SYMPATHETIC CHAIN GANGLIA WITHOUT SYNAPSING AND SYNAPSE WITH POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS IN COLLATERA GANGLIA SUPPLY VISCERA OF ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM

PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION PREGANGLIONIC NEURON CELL BODIES LOCATED IN BRAIN NUCLEI OR IN LATERAL PORTIONS OF GRAY MATTER IN SPINAL CORD (S-2 THROUGH S-4) FIBERS DO NOT TRAVEL THROUGH RAMI OF SPINAL NERVE DO NOT INNERVATE SWEAT GLANDS, ARRECTOR PILI, AND CUTANEOUS BLOOD VESSEL MOST BLOOD VESSELS ARE NOT INNERVATED BY PARASYMPATHETIC

PREGANGLIONIC PARASYMPATHETIC AXONS IN CRANIAL NERVES III,VII,IX AND X SYNAPSE WITH POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS IN GANGLIA NEAR STRUCTURES INNERVATED

SACRAL PREGANGLIONIC PARASYMPATHETIC AXONS LEAVE VENTRAL ROOTS OF SPINAL NERVES FORM A PELVIC NERVE THAT SUPPLIES VISCERA OF PELVIC CAVITY

ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE DIVISIONS LOCATION OF PREGANGLIONIC NEURON CELL BODIES FIBER LENGTH

LOCATION OF PREGANGLIONIC NEURON CELL BODIES SYMPATHETIC --- LATERAL HORNS OF SPINAL CORD GRAY MATTER FROM T-1 TO L-2 PARASYMPATHETIC --- BRAIN STEM AND LATERAL HRONS OF SPINAL CORD GRAY MATTER FROM S-1 THROUGH S-4

FIBER LENGTH SHORT SYMPATHETIC PREGANGLIONIC AXONS-LONG SYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC AXONS LONG PARASYMPATHETIC PREGANGLIONIC AXONS-SHORT PARASYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC AXONS

NEUROTRANSMITTERS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM EPINEPHRINE VS NOREPINEPHRINE

SITES FOR RELEASE OF ACETYLCHOLINE IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTIONS ALL PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS IN ANS ALL PARASYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS SYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS INNERVATING SWEAT GLANDS

SITES FOR RELEASE OF NOREPINEPHRINE IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MOST SYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS ADRENAL MEDULLA

RECEPTORS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM CHOLINERGIC NICOTINIC MUSCARINIC ANDRENERGIC ALPHA 1 ALPHA 2 BETA 1 BETA 2

NICOTINIC RECEPTORS NICOTINE MIMICS EFFECTS PRESENT ON POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS IN GANGLI OF THE ANS ALSO ON SKELETAL MUSCLE AT NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTIONS CHANNEL LINKED RECEPTORS BLOCKED BY TETRAETHYLAMMONIUM--IN AUTONOMIC GANGLIA BLOCKED BY CURARE--AT NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS MUSCARINE MIMICS EFFECTS ON EFFECTORS SUPPLIED BY PARASYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC RECEPTORS G PROTEIN LINKED RECEPTORS BLOCKED BY ATROPINE

ANDRENERGIC RECEPTORS ALPHA BETA ALL ARE G LINKED RECEPTORS NON CHANNEL LINKED RECEPTORS

NOREPINEPHRINE BINDS WITH –ALPHA 1-- EFFECTIVELY –ALPHA 2 -- EFFECTIVELY –BETA 1-- EFFECTIVELY –BETA 2 --WEAKLY IF AT ALL

EPINEPHRINE BINDS EFFECTIVELY WITH –ALPHA 1-- EFFECTIVELY –ALPHA 2 -- EFFECTIVELY –BETA 1-- EFFECTIVELY –BETA 2 --EFFECTIVELY

ALPHA 1 RECEPTORS MOST COMMON ALPHA RECEPTOR ACTIVATES G PROTEINS G PROTEINS ACTIVATE ENZYMES

ALPHA 2 RECEPTORS LESS COMMON THAN ALPHA 1 ACTIVATES INHIBITORY G PROTEINS REDUCE THE FORMATION OF cyclic AMP

BETA 1 RECEPTORS HEART AND KIDNEYS ACTIVATES G PROTEINS STIMULATES PRODUCTION OF cyclic AMP

BETA 2 RECEPTOR MOST COMMON BETA RECEPTOR ACTIVATES STIMULATORY G PROTEINS

IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT RECEPTORS AT LEAST PARTIALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR DIFFENCE IN ACTIVITY OF EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE

FUNCTIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DUAL INNERVATION FREQUENTLY (BUT NOT ALWAYS) HAVE OPPOSITE ACTIONS MOSTS ORGANS ARE PREDOMINANTLY CONTROLLED BY ONE DIVISION OR THE OTHER

PARASYMPATHETIC HOUSEKEEPING FUNCTIONS MAINTAINING BODY FUNCTIONS UNDER CALM CONDITIONS INDIVIDUAL ACTIVATION OF INDIVIDUAL ORGANS

SYMPATHETIC FIGHT OR FLIGHT HANDLES EMERGENCIES WIDESPREAD ACTIVATION

EXAMPLES OF ORGANS INNERVATED BY ANS HEART BRONCHIOLES BRONCHIAL GLANDS IRIS OF EYE CILIARY MUSCLE SWEAT GLANDS URINARY BLADDER BLOOD VESSELS

HEART SYMPATHETIC INCREASE RATE OF CONTRACTION PARASYMPATHETIC DECREASE RATE OF CONTRACTION

BRONCHIOLES SYMPATHETIC DILATION PARASYMPATHETIC CONSTRICTION

BRONCHIAL GLANDS SYMPATHETIC POSSIBLE INHIBITION OF SECERETION PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION OF SECRETION

IRIS OF EYE SYMPATHETIC DILATION OF PUPIL CONTRACTION OF RADIAL MUSCLES PARASYMPATHETIC CONSTRICTION OF PUPIL CONTRACTION OF CIRCULAR MUSCLES

CILIARY MUSCLE SYMPATHETIC SLIGHT RELAXATION PARASYMPATHETIC CONTRACTION ACCOMODATES FOR NEAR VISION

URINARY BLADDER SYMPATHETIC RELAXATION PARASYMPATHETIC CONTRACTION

BLOOD VESSELS SYMPATHETIC CONSTRICTION SKIN SALIVARY GLANDS ABDOMINAL VISCERA EXTERNAL GENITALIA PARASYMPATHETIC EXTERNAL GENITALIA

ADRENAL MEDULLA SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION OF SECRETION PARASYMPATHETIC NO EFFECT

LIVER SYMPATHETIC INCREASED RELEASE OF GLUCOSE PARASYMPATHETIC NO EFFECT

SWEAT GLANDS SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION OF SECRETION PARASYMPATHETIC NO EFFECT

THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SENSORY INPUTS ACTIVITIES OF ANS ARE MOTOR ONLY NEED INPUT FROM SENSORY SYSTEM TO MONITOR BODY FUNCTIONS AS A WHOLE AND INDIVIDUAL ORGANS ENTEROCEPTIVE RECEPTORS BELOW CONSCIOUS LEVEL

CONTROL OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM GENERALLY BELOW OUR CONSCIOUS CONTROL UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES VOLUNTARY CONTROL IS POSSIBLE –DUE TO CONNECTIONS BETWEEN ANS AND CNS –PRIMARILY IN BRAIN STEM AND SPINAL CORD

BIOFEEDBACK MECHANISMS EXERCISES MODIFY BODY FUNCTIONS VISUALIZATION RECITATION

MEDITATION AND THE ANS YOGA MEDITATION BREATHING THERAPY INHIBITS SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

DRUGS AND THE ANS MEDICINAL SUBSTANCE ABUSE

MEDICINAL DRUGS SYMPATHOMIMETIC SYMPATHOLYTIC PARA

SYMPATHOMIMETIC DRUGS ANDRENERGIC DRUGS THAT STIMULATE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM EITHER NATURAL OR MAN MADE EPINEPRINE EPINEPHRINE ISOPROTERENOL DOPAMINE EPHEDRINE TERBUTALINE PHENYLEPHRINE

EPINEPHRINE ALPHA AND BETA RECEPTORS ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK ASTHMA BRONCHOSPASM

NOREPINEPHRINE ALPHA AND BETA RECEPTORS ELEVATE BLOOD PRESSURE IN HYPOTENSION ADMINISTERED INTROVENOUSLY LIMITED USES DUE TO SIDE EFFECTS

ISOPROTERENOL LIMITED USE DUE TO POOR ABSORPTION IN GI TRACT ADMINISTERED SUBLINGUALLY OR AS NASAL SPRAY FOR SOME CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS

DOPAMIME PRECURSOR FOR NOREPINEPHRINE LOW DOSAGES ACTIVATES BETA RECEPTORS HIGHER DOSAGES ACTIVATES ALPHA RECEPTORS USED FOR HYPOTENSION AND RESISTANT CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

EPHEDRINE, TERBUTALINE, AND PHENYLEPHRINE EPHEDRINE –SIMILAR TO EPINEPHRINE –SLOWER TO BEGIN WORKING –LAST LONGER TERBUTALINE –BETA RECEPTOR –LITTLE CARDIAC STIMULATION PHENYLEPHRINE –CAUSES NASAL CONSTRICTION –USED IN COLD MEDICATIONS

SYMPATHOLYTIC ANDRENERGIC BLOCKING DRUGS REDUCE OR BLOCK EFFECTS OF SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ALPHA BLOCKING AGENTS BETA BLOCKING AGENTS

ALPHA BLOCKING AGENTS LIMITED USES MEDICALLY –RAYNAUD’S DISEASE –AFTER FROSTBITE –ATERIOSCLEROSIS OBLITERANS VASODILATOR TALOZOLINE PHENTOLAMINE

BETA BLOCKING AGENT PRODUCES EFFECTS IN CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM REDUCE HEART RATE REDUCE MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION REDUCED STROKE VOLUME REDUCES CARDIAC OUTPUT AND OXYGEN CONSUMPTION LOWERS BLOOD PRESSURE OVER LONG HAUL PROPANOLOL

PARASYMPATHOMIMETIC CHOLINERGIC DRUGS VASODILATES PERIPHERAL BLOOD VESSELS CHOINE ESTERS CHOLINERGIC ALKALOIDS ANTICHOLINESTERASES

CHOLINE ESTERS BETHANECHOL INCREASES MOTILITY OF BOWEL AND BLADDER

CHOLINERGIC ESTERS PILOCARPINE CONSTRICTS PUPIL IN TREATMENT OF GLAUCOMA

ANTICHOLINESTERASES PHYSOSTIGIMINE –REVERSES EFFECTS OF ATROPINE POISONING EDROPHONIUM CHLORIDE –MYASTHENIA GRAVIS DIAGNOSIS BLOCK ENZYME PROLONG ACTION OF AC h

PARASYMPATHOLYTIC DRUGS ATROPINE –PLANT ALKALOID (NIGHTSHADE) –PUPIL DILATION –FAST HEART RATE –REDUCES SECRETION OF EXOCRINE GLANDS –RELAXES SMOOTH MUSCLE ANTICHOLINERGIC OPPOSES ACTION OF ACETYLCHOLINE