AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PART OF EFFERENT DIVISION OF PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
ANATOMY OF THE ANS PRESYMPATHETIC NEURON -- CELL BODY IN CNS POSTSYMPATHETIC NEURON --CELL BODY IN PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AUTONOMIC PLEXUS
PARASYMPATHETIC VS SYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
SYMPATHETIC DIVISION LOCATED IN LATERAL HORNS IN GRAY MATTER T-1 TO L-2 THORACOLUMBAR LEAVES SPINAL CORD THROUGH VENTRAL ROOMS ENTER VENTRAL RAMI OF SPINAL NERVES ENTER SYMPATHETIC CHAIN GANGLIA SYMPATHETIC TRUNKS
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM RAMI COMMUNICANTES –WHITE –GRAY
SYMPATHETIC CHAIN GANGLIA PARAVERTERBRAL GANGLIA SYMPATHETIC TRUNK WHITE RAMI COMMUNICANTES –MYELINATED –CARRY IMPULSES FROM SPINAL NERVE TO CHAIN GANGLIA GRAY RAMI COMMUNICANTES
FATE OF PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS UPON ENTERING SYMPATHETIC CHAIN GANGLIA
MAY SYNAPSE WITH POSTGANGLIONIC IN SYMPATHETIC CHAIN GANGLIA AT THE SAME LEVEL RETURN TO SPINAL NERVE TO INNERVATE EFFECTORS. GRAY RAMI COMMUNICANTES ARE FORMED BY UNMYELINATED POSTGANGLIONIC AXONS AS THEY PASS FROM CHANIN GANGLIA TO SPINAL NERVES
MAY TRAVEL UP OR DOWN WITHIN SYMPATHETIC TRUNKS BEFORE SYNAPSING WITH POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS THAT SUPPLY EFFECTORS IN SKIN, HEAD, OR THORAX
MAY PASS THROUGH SYMPATHETIC CHAIN GANGLIA WITHOUT SYNAPSING AND SYNAPSE WITH POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS IN COLLATERA GANGLIA SUPPLY VISCERA OF ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM
PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION PREGANGLIONIC NEURON CELL BODIES LOCATED IN BRAIN NUCLEI OR IN LATERAL PORTIONS OF GRAY MATTER IN SPINAL CORD (S-2 THROUGH S-4) FIBERS DO NOT TRAVEL THROUGH RAMI OF SPINAL NERVE DO NOT INNERVATE SWEAT GLANDS, ARRECTOR PILI, AND CUTANEOUS BLOOD VESSEL MOST BLOOD VESSELS ARE NOT INNERVATED BY PARASYMPATHETIC
PREGANGLIONIC PARASYMPATHETIC AXONS IN CRANIAL NERVES III,VII,IX AND X SYNAPSE WITH POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS IN GANGLIA NEAR STRUCTURES INNERVATED
SACRAL PREGANGLIONIC PARASYMPATHETIC AXONS LEAVE VENTRAL ROOTS OF SPINAL NERVES FORM A PELVIC NERVE THAT SUPPLIES VISCERA OF PELVIC CAVITY
ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE DIVISIONS LOCATION OF PREGANGLIONIC NEURON CELL BODIES FIBER LENGTH
LOCATION OF PREGANGLIONIC NEURON CELL BODIES SYMPATHETIC --- LATERAL HORNS OF SPINAL CORD GRAY MATTER FROM T-1 TO L-2 PARASYMPATHETIC --- BRAIN STEM AND LATERAL HRONS OF SPINAL CORD GRAY MATTER FROM S-1 THROUGH S-4
FIBER LENGTH SHORT SYMPATHETIC PREGANGLIONIC AXONS-LONG SYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC AXONS LONG PARASYMPATHETIC PREGANGLIONIC AXONS-SHORT PARASYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC AXONS
NEUROTRANSMITTERS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM EPINEPHRINE VS NOREPINEPHRINE
SITES FOR RELEASE OF ACETYLCHOLINE IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTIONS ALL PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS IN ANS ALL PARASYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS SYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS INNERVATING SWEAT GLANDS
SITES FOR RELEASE OF NOREPINEPHRINE IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MOST SYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS ADRENAL MEDULLA
RECEPTORS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM CHOLINERGIC NICOTINIC MUSCARINIC ANDRENERGIC ALPHA 1 ALPHA 2 BETA 1 BETA 2
NICOTINIC RECEPTORS NICOTINE MIMICS EFFECTS PRESENT ON POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS IN GANGLI OF THE ANS ALSO ON SKELETAL MUSCLE AT NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTIONS CHANNEL LINKED RECEPTORS BLOCKED BY TETRAETHYLAMMONIUM--IN AUTONOMIC GANGLIA BLOCKED BY CURARE--AT NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS MUSCARINE MIMICS EFFECTS ON EFFECTORS SUPPLIED BY PARASYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC RECEPTORS G PROTEIN LINKED RECEPTORS BLOCKED BY ATROPINE
ANDRENERGIC RECEPTORS ALPHA BETA ALL ARE G LINKED RECEPTORS NON CHANNEL LINKED RECEPTORS
NOREPINEPHRINE BINDS WITH –ALPHA 1-- EFFECTIVELY –ALPHA 2 -- EFFECTIVELY –BETA 1-- EFFECTIVELY –BETA 2 --WEAKLY IF AT ALL
EPINEPHRINE BINDS EFFECTIVELY WITH –ALPHA 1-- EFFECTIVELY –ALPHA 2 -- EFFECTIVELY –BETA 1-- EFFECTIVELY –BETA 2 --EFFECTIVELY
ALPHA 1 RECEPTORS MOST COMMON ALPHA RECEPTOR ACTIVATES G PROTEINS G PROTEINS ACTIVATE ENZYMES
ALPHA 2 RECEPTORS LESS COMMON THAN ALPHA 1 ACTIVATES INHIBITORY G PROTEINS REDUCE THE FORMATION OF cyclic AMP
BETA 1 RECEPTORS HEART AND KIDNEYS ACTIVATES G PROTEINS STIMULATES PRODUCTION OF cyclic AMP
BETA 2 RECEPTOR MOST COMMON BETA RECEPTOR ACTIVATES STIMULATORY G PROTEINS
IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT RECEPTORS AT LEAST PARTIALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR DIFFENCE IN ACTIVITY OF EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE
FUNCTIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DUAL INNERVATION FREQUENTLY (BUT NOT ALWAYS) HAVE OPPOSITE ACTIONS MOSTS ORGANS ARE PREDOMINANTLY CONTROLLED BY ONE DIVISION OR THE OTHER
PARASYMPATHETIC HOUSEKEEPING FUNCTIONS MAINTAINING BODY FUNCTIONS UNDER CALM CONDITIONS INDIVIDUAL ACTIVATION OF INDIVIDUAL ORGANS
SYMPATHETIC FIGHT OR FLIGHT HANDLES EMERGENCIES WIDESPREAD ACTIVATION
EXAMPLES OF ORGANS INNERVATED BY ANS HEART BRONCHIOLES BRONCHIAL GLANDS IRIS OF EYE CILIARY MUSCLE SWEAT GLANDS URINARY BLADDER BLOOD VESSELS
HEART SYMPATHETIC INCREASE RATE OF CONTRACTION PARASYMPATHETIC DECREASE RATE OF CONTRACTION
BRONCHIOLES SYMPATHETIC DILATION PARASYMPATHETIC CONSTRICTION
BRONCHIAL GLANDS SYMPATHETIC POSSIBLE INHIBITION OF SECERETION PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION OF SECRETION
IRIS OF EYE SYMPATHETIC DILATION OF PUPIL CONTRACTION OF RADIAL MUSCLES PARASYMPATHETIC CONSTRICTION OF PUPIL CONTRACTION OF CIRCULAR MUSCLES
CILIARY MUSCLE SYMPATHETIC SLIGHT RELAXATION PARASYMPATHETIC CONTRACTION ACCOMODATES FOR NEAR VISION
URINARY BLADDER SYMPATHETIC RELAXATION PARASYMPATHETIC CONTRACTION
BLOOD VESSELS SYMPATHETIC CONSTRICTION SKIN SALIVARY GLANDS ABDOMINAL VISCERA EXTERNAL GENITALIA PARASYMPATHETIC EXTERNAL GENITALIA
ADRENAL MEDULLA SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION OF SECRETION PARASYMPATHETIC NO EFFECT
LIVER SYMPATHETIC INCREASED RELEASE OF GLUCOSE PARASYMPATHETIC NO EFFECT
SWEAT GLANDS SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION OF SECRETION PARASYMPATHETIC NO EFFECT
THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SENSORY INPUTS ACTIVITIES OF ANS ARE MOTOR ONLY NEED INPUT FROM SENSORY SYSTEM TO MONITOR BODY FUNCTIONS AS A WHOLE AND INDIVIDUAL ORGANS ENTEROCEPTIVE RECEPTORS BELOW CONSCIOUS LEVEL
CONTROL OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM GENERALLY BELOW OUR CONSCIOUS CONTROL UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES VOLUNTARY CONTROL IS POSSIBLE –DUE TO CONNECTIONS BETWEEN ANS AND CNS –PRIMARILY IN BRAIN STEM AND SPINAL CORD
BIOFEEDBACK MECHANISMS EXERCISES MODIFY BODY FUNCTIONS VISUALIZATION RECITATION
MEDITATION AND THE ANS YOGA MEDITATION BREATHING THERAPY INHIBITS SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
DRUGS AND THE ANS MEDICINAL SUBSTANCE ABUSE
MEDICINAL DRUGS SYMPATHOMIMETIC SYMPATHOLYTIC PARA
SYMPATHOMIMETIC DRUGS ANDRENERGIC DRUGS THAT STIMULATE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM EITHER NATURAL OR MAN MADE EPINEPRINE EPINEPHRINE ISOPROTERENOL DOPAMINE EPHEDRINE TERBUTALINE PHENYLEPHRINE
EPINEPHRINE ALPHA AND BETA RECEPTORS ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK ASTHMA BRONCHOSPASM
NOREPINEPHRINE ALPHA AND BETA RECEPTORS ELEVATE BLOOD PRESSURE IN HYPOTENSION ADMINISTERED INTROVENOUSLY LIMITED USES DUE TO SIDE EFFECTS
ISOPROTERENOL LIMITED USE DUE TO POOR ABSORPTION IN GI TRACT ADMINISTERED SUBLINGUALLY OR AS NASAL SPRAY FOR SOME CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS
DOPAMIME PRECURSOR FOR NOREPINEPHRINE LOW DOSAGES ACTIVATES BETA RECEPTORS HIGHER DOSAGES ACTIVATES ALPHA RECEPTORS USED FOR HYPOTENSION AND RESISTANT CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
EPHEDRINE, TERBUTALINE, AND PHENYLEPHRINE EPHEDRINE –SIMILAR TO EPINEPHRINE –SLOWER TO BEGIN WORKING –LAST LONGER TERBUTALINE –BETA RECEPTOR –LITTLE CARDIAC STIMULATION PHENYLEPHRINE –CAUSES NASAL CONSTRICTION –USED IN COLD MEDICATIONS
SYMPATHOLYTIC ANDRENERGIC BLOCKING DRUGS REDUCE OR BLOCK EFFECTS OF SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ALPHA BLOCKING AGENTS BETA BLOCKING AGENTS
ALPHA BLOCKING AGENTS LIMITED USES MEDICALLY –RAYNAUD’S DISEASE –AFTER FROSTBITE –ATERIOSCLEROSIS OBLITERANS VASODILATOR TALOZOLINE PHENTOLAMINE
BETA BLOCKING AGENT PRODUCES EFFECTS IN CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM REDUCE HEART RATE REDUCE MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION REDUCED STROKE VOLUME REDUCES CARDIAC OUTPUT AND OXYGEN CONSUMPTION LOWERS BLOOD PRESSURE OVER LONG HAUL PROPANOLOL
PARASYMPATHOMIMETIC CHOLINERGIC DRUGS VASODILATES PERIPHERAL BLOOD VESSELS CHOINE ESTERS CHOLINERGIC ALKALOIDS ANTICHOLINESTERASES
CHOLINE ESTERS BETHANECHOL INCREASES MOTILITY OF BOWEL AND BLADDER
CHOLINERGIC ESTERS PILOCARPINE CONSTRICTS PUPIL IN TREATMENT OF GLAUCOMA
ANTICHOLINESTERASES PHYSOSTIGIMINE –REVERSES EFFECTS OF ATROPINE POISONING EDROPHONIUM CHLORIDE –MYASTHENIA GRAVIS DIAGNOSIS BLOCK ENZYME PROLONG ACTION OF AC h
PARASYMPATHOLYTIC DRUGS ATROPINE –PLANT ALKALOID (NIGHTSHADE) –PUPIL DILATION –FAST HEART RATE –REDUCES SECRETION OF EXOCRINE GLANDS –RELAXES SMOOTH MUSCLE ANTICHOLINERGIC OPPOSES ACTION OF ACETYLCHOLINE