Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Chapter 15 The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 The Sui Dynasty ( CE) Regional kingdoms succeed collapse of Han dynasty Yang Jian consolidates control of all of China, initiates Sui Dynasty Massive building projects  Military labor  Conscripted labor

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 The Grand Canal Intended to promote trade between north and south China  Most Chinese rivers flow west-east Linked network of earlier canals  1240 miles  Roads on either bank Succeeded only by railroad traffic in 20 th century

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 The Tang Dynasty ( CE) Wide discontent over conscripted labor in Sui dynasty Military failures in Korea prompt rebellion Emperor assassinated in 618  Tang Dynasty initiated

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 Tang Taizong Second emperor of Tang dynasty (r CE) Murdered two brothers, thrust father aside to take throne Strong ruler  Built capital at Chang’an  Law and order  Taxes, prices low  More effective implementation of earlier Sui policies

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 Major achievements of Tang Dynasty Transportation and communications  Extensive postal, courier services Equal-field System  20% of land hereditary ownership  80% redistributed according to formula Family size, land fertility  Worked well until 8 th century Corruption, loss of land to Buddhist monasteries

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 Bureaucracy of Merit Imperial civil service examinations  Confucian educational curriculum Some bribery, nepotism But most advance through merit  Built loyalty to the dynasty  System remains strong until early 20 th century

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 Tang Military Expansion and Foreign Relations Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet One of the largest expansions of China in its history Established tributary relationships  Gifts China as “Middle Kingdom”  The kowtow ritual

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 The Sui and Tang dynasties, C.E.

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 Tang Decline Governmental neglect: Emperor obsessed with music, favorite concubine 775 rebellion under An Lushan, former military commander Captures Chang’an, but rebellion crushed by 763 Nomadic Uighur mercenaries invited to suppress rebellion, sacked Chang’an and Luoyang Tang decline continues, rebellions in 9 th century, last emperor abdicates 907

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 Song Dynasty ( CE) Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the arts Military not emphasized  Made empire smaller so there was less territory to control Direction of first emperor, Song Taizu (r CE)  Former military leader  Made emperor by troops  Instituted policy of imperial favor for civil servants, expanded meritocracy Local postings changed every three years to inspire loyalty Expanded recruitment from all classes

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Wang Anshi Appointed to reform government in 1068  Offered government loans to peasants and low rates  Broke trading monopolies of big merchants  Readjusted taxes based on productivity of land  Assessed personal property for taxation  Purchased horses for peasant use with understanding they would be used for cavalry if necessary 12

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 The Song dynasty, C.E.

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 Song Weaknesses Size of bureaucracy heavy drain on economy  Two peasant rebellions in 12 th c.  Internal inertia prevents reform of bureaucracy Civil service leadership of military  Unable to maintain cavalry due to lost of control over chief horse-breeding areas in North and Northwest  Lacked military training  Unable to contain nomadic attacks  Jurchen conquer in 1127, force Song dynasty to Hangzhou, southern China (Southern Song) Also had to pay tribute to Jurchen

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 Agricultural Economies of the Tang and Song Dynasties Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, 2 crops per year Technology: iron plows, use of draft animals  Produced more iron and steel than all of Europe until the 18 th century Soil fertilization, improved irrigation  Water wheels, canals Terrace farming Pamphlets for peasants on new farming techniques

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 Population Growth Result of increased agricultural production Effective food distribution system  Transportation networks built under Tang and Song dynasties

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 Urbanization Chang’an world’s most populous city: 2 million residents  Southern Song capital Hangzhou: over 1 million  Several cities over 100,000

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Non-Chinese Observations [Hangzhou] is the greatest city in the world ~Marco Polo [Hangzhou] is three days journey in length and subdivided into six towns, each larger than anything in the West. ~Ibn Battuta [Hangzhou is] the first, the biggest, the richest, the most populous, and altogether the most marvelous city that exists on the face of the earth.” ~friar John of Marignolli 18

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 Patriarchal Social Structures Increased emphasis on ancestor worship  Elaborate grave rituals  Extended family gatherings in honor of deceased ancestors Footbinding gains popularity  Increased control by male family members

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 Footbinding

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 Technology and Industry Porcelain (“Chinaware”) Increase of iron production due to use of coke, not coal, in furnaces  Agricultural tools, weaponry Gunpowder invented Earlier printing techniques refined  Moveable type by mid-11 th century  Yet complex Chinese ideographs make wood block technique easier Naval technology

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22 Emergence of a Market Economy “Flying cash:” letters of credit developed to deal with copper coin shortages  Promissory notes, checks also used Development of independently produced paper money  Not as stable, riots when not honored Government claims monopoly on money production in 11 th century

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 China and the Hemispheric Economy Increasingly cosmopolitan nature of Chinese cities Chinese silk opens up trade routes, but increases local demands for imported luxury goods

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24 Cultural Change in Tang and Song China Declining confidence in Confucianism after collapse of Han dynasty Increasing popularity of Buddhism Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam also appear primarily foreign merchant class

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 25 Dunhuang Mahayana Buddhism especially popular in western China (Gansu province), CE Buddhist temples, libraries Economic success as converts donate land holdings Increase popularity through donations of agricultural produce to the poor

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 26 Conflicts with Chinese Culture Buddhism:  Text-based (Buddhist teachings) Emphasis on Metaphysics Ascetic ideal  Celibacy  isolation Confucianism:  Text-based (Confucian teachings)  Daoism not text-based Emphasis on ethics, politics Family-centered  Procreation  Filial piety

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 27 Chan (Zen) Buddhism Buddhists adapt ideology to Chinese climate  Dharma translated as dao  Nirvana translated as wuwei Accommodated family lifestyle  “one son in monastery for ten generations of salvation” Limited empahsis on textual study, meditation instead

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 28 Persecution of Buddhists Daoist/Confucian persecution supported in late Tang dynasty 840s begins systematic closure of Buddhist temples, expulsions  Zoroastrians, Christians, Manicheans as well Economic motive: seizure of large monastic landholdings

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 29 Neo-Confucianism Song dynasty refrains from persecuting Buddhists, but favors Confucians Neo-Confucians influenced by Buddhist thought Zhu Xi ( CE) important synthesizer Popular to 20 th century

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 30 China and Korea Silla Dynasty: Tang armies withdraw, Korea recognizes Tang as emperor Technically a vassal statue, but highly independent Chinese influence on Korean culture pervasive

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 31 China and Vietnam Vietnamese adaptation to Chinese culture, technology But ongoing resentment at political domination Assert independence when Tang dynasty falls in 10 th century

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Japan Smaller than France & California Mostly mountainous  Only 11% of land is arable  Most settlement between Tokyo and Osaka 32

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 33 China and Early Japan Chinese armies never invade Japan Yet Chinese culture pervasive  Buddhism from Korea serves as a vehicle for Chinese influence Imitation of Tang administration  Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence “Nara Japan” ( CE)  Nara a direct copy of Chang’an (Tang) Adoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachings  End of matriarchal rule Yet retention of Shinto religion

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 34 Heian Japan ( CE) Japanese emperor moves court to Heian (Kyoto)  Trying to escape Buddhist domination of Nara Yet emperor figurehead, real power in hands of Fujiwara clan  Institutes Taika Reforms to erase all earlier forms of government and institute only Chinese-style government  Pattern in Japanese history: weak emperor, power behind the throne  Helps explain longevity of the institution

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 35 Japanese Literature Influence of Chinese kanji characters  Classic curriculum dominated by Chinese Development of hiragana, katakana syllabic alphabet Court life: The Tale of Genji  Written by woman with weak command of Chinese, becomes classic of early Japanese literature

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 36 Institution of the Shogun Civil war between Taira (based in Heian) and Minamoto (based in Kamakura) clans in 12 th century Minamoto leader named shogun, 1185 CE  Shogun is chief miliary and financial advisor to emperor  Samurai initially begin as tax collectors for shogun Lifestyle allows time for training and study Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial throne to continue in Kyoto

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 37 Medieval Japan Kamakura ( CE) and Muromachi ( CE) periods  Kamakura sees first invasion by Mongols under Kublai Khan in 1281  Muromachi installs Ashikaga clan Would rule until rise of Tokugawa in late 16 th century Decentralized power in hands of warlords Military authority in hands of samurai Professional warriors