8 th Grade Review 3 rd Trimester

Immigrants and Urban Challenges ► The population of the United States grew rapidly in the early 1800s with the arrival of millions of immigrants – especially the Irish and Germans.

Reforming Society ► Reform movements in the early 1800s affected religion, education, and society.

The Movement to End Slavery ► In the mid-1800s, debate over slavery increased as abolitionists organized to challenge slavery in the United States.

Women’s Rights ► Influenced by the abolition movement, many women struggled to gain equal rights for themselves.

Compromise of 1850 ► The Compromise of 1850 tried to solve the disputes over slavery. ► The Result of the Compromise of 1850  CA – free state  The rest of the Mexican Cession: would be decided by popular sovereignty  Slave trade, but not slavery, outlawed in DC  Stronger fugitive slave law

Fugitive Slave Act ► The Fugitive Slave Act caused more controversy.

Antislavery Literature ► Abolitionists used antislavery literature to promote opposition.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act ► The Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed voters to allow or prohibit slavery.

Bleeding Kansas ► Pro-slavery and antislavery groups clashed violently in what became known as “Bleeding Kansas.”

Dred Scott Decision ► The Dred Scott decision created further division over the issue of slavery after it ruled that the Missouri Compromise and Popular Sovereignty were unconstitutional.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates ► The Lincoln-Douglas debates brought much attention to the conflict over slavery and made Lincoln well known.

Raid on Harpers Ferry ► John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry intensified the disagreement between free states and slave states.

Election of 1860 ► The outcome of the election of 1860 divided the United States and led southern states to secede from the Union.

Americans Choose Sides ► Following the outbreak of war at Fort Sumter, Americans chose sides.

War in Virginia ► Union and Confederate forces fought for control of the war in Virginia.

Battle of Antietam ► The Battle of Antietam gave the North a slight advantage.

Breaking the Union’s Blockade ► The Confederacy attempted to break the Union naval blockade, but the blockade was mostly a success.

Union Strategy in the West ► The Union strategy in the West centered on control of the Mississippi River.

Emancipation Proclamation ► The Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves in Confederate states.

Battle of Gettysburg ► The Battle of Gettysburg in July of 1863 was a major turning point in the war.

Union Campaigns Cripple the Confederacy ► During 1864, Union campaigns in the East and South - including the Wilderness Campaign and Sherman's March, dealt crippling blows to the Confederacy.

Effects of the Civil War ► The Civil War had the following effects:  620,000 Americans dead  Billions of dollars in damage  African Americans freed  Bitter feelings created in the South  The National Government was Strengthened

Rebuilding the South ► President Lincoln and Congress differed in their views as Reconstruction began.

Opposition to President Johnson ► Black Codes led to opposition to President Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction.

Fourteenth Amendment ► The Fourteenth Amendment ensured citizenship for African Americans.

Congress Takes Control of Reconstruction ► Radical Republicans in Congress took charge of Reconstruction and President Johnson was impeached.

Fifteenth Amendment ► The Fifteenth Amendment gave African Americans the right to vote.

Reconstruction and Scalawags ► Reconstruction governments helped reform the South with help from scalawags and carpetbaggers.

Ku Klux Klan ► The Ku Klux Klan was organized as African Americans moved into positions of power.

Reconstruction Ends ► As Reconstruction ended, the rights of African Americans were restricted.