Solutions-__________ are ______________ mixtures made up of two or more ___________; the ________, which __________, and the ________, which does the ___________ -generally, the ________ is the substance with _________ and more _________ particles in the __________, while the ________ usually has the _______, less _________ particles of the two substances in the _________ -__________ can be ______, _______, or ______, but most often are ________, and ________ __________ are most often ________, since the most common ________ is ______ I. Solvation in Aqueous Solutions-__________ is the process of surrounding _______ particles with ________ particles to form a __________ -solvation done by ______ is called __________

Polar Molecules-covalent molecules which are ___________ in _____ _______ are __________, while molecules that are ____________ in any plane are ______ -__________ in the ______ of a molecule is caused by an _______ distribution of _________ __________, creating an _________ of ________ in the molecule -molecules containing only _________ bonds are _________ -molecules containing a ___________ distribution of ______ bonds are _________ -molecules containing a ____________ distribution of ______ bonds are _______

Polar Molecules-_________ is often created by _________ _______ of ________ _________ -the ________ ________ of ______ molecules create stronger ____________________ called _______- ________ ________, the most _________ of which are called _________ ______ -the relatively _____ attractions between the ________ of covalent compounds are called ________________ _______, the ________ of which are called _________ or _______ ________ -_____________ _______ affect the _________ ___________ of _________ __________ like ________ ______, _______ ______, and __________

Solutions I. Solvation in Aqueous Solutionsthe general rule of __________ is _____ __________ _____; that is, partially ________ ______ molecules _________ the fully charged particles of ______ compounds and the partially charged particles of ______ __________ compounds

Solutions I. Solvation in Aqueous Solutions A. Factors Affecting Solvation Rate -the __________ _____ is affected by three factors which _________ the rate of ____________ of ________ and _______ particles -__________, ___________ the ________ _____ of the ________, and __________ the ___________ of the ________ all ________ the rate of solvation B. Heat of Solution -if the energy required to overcome the __________ forces between _______ and ________ particles is _______ than the energy _________ during the mixing of the particles, __________ is __________, but __________ is __________ when more energy is _________ than _________

Solutions I. Solubility-__________ is the ________ amount of ______ that will ________ in a given amount of _______ at a specific ___________ and _________ -__________ solutions contain the __________ amount of dissolved _______ for a given amount of ________ at a given ____________ and ________; ___________ solutions contain less than that, and ____________ solutions contain more than that

Solutions I. Solubility A. Factors Affecting Solubility-__________ varies according to ____________ and _________ -most substances, especially ______ substances, dissolved in _______ solvents, have ______ solubility at ______ temperatures, but ______ have ______ solubilities at _______ temperatures -while ________ has no effect on the solubility of ______ or _______ solutes, solubility of ______ is ________ ____________ to ________

Solutions I. Solubility A. Factors Affecting Solubility 1. Henry’s Law -the _________ of a gas ______ _________ with the ________ of the gas above a liquid If the solubility of oxygen gas is L/1 L H 2 O at a pressure of 101 kilopascals, what is the solubility of oxygen, in L/1 L H 2 O, at a pressure of 200 kilopascals?

Solution Concentration I. Percent by Mass What is the percent by mass of a solution containing 20 grams of Sodium Hydrogen carbonate dissolved in 600 grams of water? What mass, in grams, of Sodium hypochlorite is dissolved in grams of bleach solution that is 3.62% by mass?

Solution Concentration II. Percent by Volume What is the percent by volume of Isopropyl alcohol in a solution of rubbing alcohol containing 350 milliliters of Isopropyl alcohol and 150 milliliters of water? What volume, in milliliters, of ethyl alcohol is dissolved in a 355 milliliter can of beer that is 5.0% alcohol by volume?

Solution Concentration III. Molarity What is the molarity of an aqueous solution containing 40.0 grams of glucose in 1.5 liters of solution? What mass, in grams, of Hydrogen sulfate must be dissolved in water to make 2.50 liters of a 1.0 M solution of Sulfuric acid?

Solution Concentration IV. Diluting Molar Concentrations What volume, in liters, of a 3.00 M Potassium iodide solution would you use to make L of a 1.25 M Potassium iodide solution? If you dilute 20.0 milliliters of a 3.5 M nitric acid to make milliliters of solution, what is the molarity of the dilute nitric acid solution?

Solution Concentration V. Molality What is the molality of a solution containing 10.0 grams of Sodium sulfate in grams of water? What mass, in grams, of Naphthalene (C 10 H 8 ) is dissolved in a m solution containing grams of toluene as the solvent?

Solution Concentration VI. Mole Fraction What is the mole fraction of Sodium hydroxide in an aqueous solution that contains 22.8 % Sodium hydroxide by mass?

Colligative Properties of Solutions I. Vapor Pressure Lowering -physical properties of solutions that are affected by the _______, but not the _________ of particles -______ _________ is the ________ exerted by the particles of a ________ that have escaped the _________ surface and entered into the ________ state above the liquid -adding ________ particles to solution decreases the number of _______ particles at the surface, so __________ the ________ ______________ __________ the ______ ________, providing the _______ particles are ____________

Colligative Properties of Solutions II. Boiling Point Elevation-a ________ boils when the ______ _________ equals ____________ _________, which explains why, at _______ __________, where the ___________ _________ is ______, boiling point temperature is ______, so to cook food by boiling requires _____ time -adding ________ particles to solution _______ ______ _________ at the same temperature, so the temperature must be ___________ to raise the _____ _________ enough to equal __________ _________

Colligative Properties of Solutions III. Freezing Point Depression -at a solvent’s _________ ______, the ________ _______ of the particles is no longer enough to resist the _________ of the _________ _______________ ________ -adding _______ to the solvent allows the solution to exist as a ________ at a ______ temperature because the _______ particles interfere with the ___________ of the ______________ ________, which explains why adding _____- _____ ______ (____) to snow _____ its _________ ______ temperature, allowing it to exist as a ________ at a ______ temperature

Colligative Properties of Solutions III. Freezing Point Depression -so adding _________ _______, or ___________ to water in your __________ both ________ the ________ ______ and _______ the ________ ______ of water IV. Osmotic Pressure -________ is the movement of ______ molecules from an area of _______ concentration to an area of ______ concentration, especially across a ______________ __________ like a _____ __________ -adding _______ to a solvent lowers the ____________ of the _______, causing water to move across the _________ towards the ______ concentration of water, and the addition of water _________ the ________