October 8-9 Trabzon, Turkey obtention of cellulose nanofiber from almond shell using Different chemical treatments Eduardo Robles, Iñaki Urruzola, Rodrigo Llano-Ponte, Rodrigo Llano-Ponte, Jalel Labidi Biorefinery Process Group Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of Basque Country Pza. Europa 1, 20018, San Sebastian, SPAIN Correspondence to: jalel.labidi@ehu.es

COST Action FP1105 October 8-9 Trabzon, Turkey Objectives Determining the best chemical treatment to remove lignin content in almond shell (Prunus dulcis) Determining the best crystallinity achieved with the different mercerizations. Analysis: FTIR TGA X-Ray Obtention Of Cellulose Nanofibers From Almond Shell Using Different Chemical Treatments. Eduardo Robles, Iñaki Urruzola, Rodrigo Llano-Ponte, Jalel Labidi.

COST Action FP1105 October 8-9 Trabzon, Turkey Procedure Pretreatment NaOH (1%) w/w alkaline solution T = 20 ºC t = 24 h NaOH 7.5% w/w T = 60 ºC Formic acid/water 90/10 v/v T = 130 ºC t = 90 min Ethanol/water 60/40 v/v KOH 7.5% w/w NaOH 15% w/w T = 120 ºC FTIR and TGA analysis Bleaching NaClO2 (25 % w/w) T = 75 ºC t = 120 min NaOH + H2O2 + DTPA + MgSO4 T = 70 ºC t = 150 min Acetylation HNO3 (1/3) w/w Acetic Acid (1/20) w/w T= boiling t = 30 min Hydrolysis H2SO4 (8..5 mL /g) T = 45 ºC t = 60 min AFM and X-Ray analysis Obtention Of Cellulose Nanofibers From Almond Shell Using Different Chemical Treatments. Eduardo Robles, Iñaki Urruzola, Rodrigo Llano-Ponte, Jalel Labidi.

Results Crystallinity Content COST Action FP1105 October 8-9 Trabzon, Turkey Results Content Method Extracts % Moisture Lignin Almond shell 0.72 ± 0.02 10.76 ± 0.06 52.59 ± 0.14 Organosolv 5.28 ± 0.02 30.55 ± 0.06 43.21 ± 0.06 NaOH 15% 3.28 ± 0.02 19.03 ± 0.06 42.76 ± 0.06 KOH 7.5% 1.06 ± 0.02 0.435 ± 0.06 39.92 ± 0.06 NaOH 7.5% 1.35 ± 0.02 0.432 ± 0.06 35.34 ± 0.06 Formic acid 4.21 ± 0.02 2.16 ± 0.06 30.72 ± 0.06 Crystallinity Pulp (%) Acetylated + Hydrolyzed + Homogenized 72.29 - 75.73 80.57 69.35 76.95 62.51 78.23 69.13 79.79 56.77 78.69 Obtention Of Cellulose Nanofibers From Almond Shell Using Different Chemical Treatments. Eduardo Robles, Iñaki Urruzola, Rodrigo Llano-Ponte, Jalel Labidi.

COST Action FP1105 October 8-9 Trabzon, Turkey Results FT-IR spectra of the a) Almond shell, b) Organosolv, c) NaOH 15%, d) KOH, e) NaOH 7.5%, f) Formic acid. 3345 cm-1 OH stretching vibrations 2920 cm-1 CH3 group stretching vibrations 2860 cm-1 CH2 group stretching vibrations 1645 cm-1 absorbed water (bending) 1420 cm-1 CH2 bending 1215 cm-1 OH in plane-bending cellulose 1150 cm1 C-O antisymetric bridge stretching 890 cm-1 β-glycosidic linkages Obtention Of Cellulose Nanofibers From Almond Shell Using Different Chemical Treatments. Eduardo Robles, Iñaki Urruzola, Rodrigo Llano-Ponte, Jalel Labidi.

COST Action FP1105 October 8-9 Trabzon, Turkey Conclusions Different lignin elimination methods were performed to determine their effectiveness in almond shell. Sodium hydroxide at 7.5% v/v and formic acid treatments were the best in eliminating lignin as the amount of lignin present in almond shell was reduced 17 and 22 % respectively. The different nature of the methods and their reactives influence in the properties of the final fiber, as change in crystallinity, lignin content and affinity to different compounds can be reached with these methods, then depending of the final use of the fiber, it can be chosen the most suitable method. Obtention Of Cellulose Nanofibers From Almond Shell Using Different Chemical Treatments. Eduardo Robles, Iñaki Urruzola, Rodrigo Llano-Ponte, Jalel Labidi.

COST Action FP1105 October 8-9 Trabzon, Turkey THANK YOU! Author would also like to thank to CONACyT, Mexico for support provided through Scholarship 216178. Obtention Of Cellulose Nanofibers From Almond Shell Using Different Chemical Treatments. Eduardo Robles, Iñaki Urruzola, Rodrigo Llano-Ponte, Jalel Labidi.