Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Optical properties of tissues in the visible - NIR spectral region Alexey N. Bashkatov, Elina A. Genina, Valery V. Tuchin Department of Optics and Biophotonics of Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia National Research Tomsk State University, Russia

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Motivation: Development of optical method in modern medicine in the areas of diagnostics, therapy and surgery has stimulated the investigation of optical properties of various biological tissues, since the efficacy of laser treatment depends on the photon propagation and fluence rate distribution within irradiated tissues. The knowledge of tissue optical properties is necessary for the development of the novel optical technologies of photodynamic and photothermal therapy, optical tomography, optical biopsy, and etc. Numerous investigations related to determination of tissue optical properties are available however the optical properties of many tissues have not been studied in a wide wavelength range.

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Experimental setup The geometry of the measurements in A) total transmittance mode, B) diffuse transmittance mode, C) reflectance mode. 1 ‑ the incident beam (diameter 3 mm); 2 ‑ the tissue sample; 3 ‑ the entrance port (square 20  20 mm); 4 ‑ the transmitted (or diffuse reflected) radiation; 5 ‑ the integrating sphere (inner diameter is 100 mm); 6 ‑ the exit port (diameter 16 mm). LPD ‑ the maximal value of lateral light propagation distance.

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Experimental setup The geometry of the measurements in A) transmittance mode, B) reflectance mode. 1 ‑ the incident beam (diameter 1-10 mm); 2 ‑ the tissue sample; 3 ‑ the entrance port (square 25  16 mm); 4 ‑ the transmitted (or diffuse reflected) radiation; 5 ‑ the integrating sphere (IS) (inner diameter is 150 mm); 6 ‑ the exit port (diameter 28 mm) The geometry of the collimated transmittance measurements. Diameter of the incident beam is 2 mm

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Flow-chart of the inverse Monte Carlo (IMC) method

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Main components of biological tissues: collagen Vogel A., Venugopalan V. // Chemical Reviews, Vol. 103, N. 2, P , 2003

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Main components of biological tissues: water Hale G., Querry M.R. Optical constants of water in the 200-nm to 200-  m wavelength region // Appl. Opt., Vol. 12, N. 3, P , 1973

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Main components of biological tissues: blood Friebel M., Helfmann J., Netz U., Meinke M. Influence of oxygen saturation on the optical scattering properties of human red blood cells in the spectral range 250 to 2000 nm // J. Biomed. Opt., Vol. 14, N. 3, , 2009

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Main components of biological tissues: melanin Bashkatov A.N. et al. Optical properties of melanin in the skin and skin-like phantoms // Proc. SPIE, Vol. 4162, , 2000 Inverse adding-doubling (IAD) method (Prahl S.A., van Gemert M.J.C., Welch A.J. // Appl. Opt., 1993, Vol. 32, N. 4, P )

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Human eye sclera: structure Komai Y., Ushiki T. The three-dimensional organization of collagen fibrils in the human cornea and sclera // Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol. 32, N. 8, P , 1991

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Human eye sclera: optical properties Bashkatov A.N., Genina E.A., Kochubey V.I., Tuchin V.V. Optical properties of human sclera in spectral range nm // Optics and Spectroscopy, Vol. 109(2), P , 2010

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Human eye sclera: optical properties The scattering coefficient of the human eye sclera IS, IMC, data averaged for 20 samples The scattering coefficient of the human eye sclera IS, IMC, data averaged for 20 samples The wavelength dependence of scattering anisotropy factor of the human eye sclera IS, IMC, data averaged for 20 samples The wavelength dependence of scattering anisotropy factor of the human eye sclera IS, IMC, data averaged for 20 samples

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Human dura mater: structure Zyablov, V. I., Yu. N. Shapovalov, K. D. Toskin, V. V. Tkach, V. V. Zherebovski, and L. S. Georgievskaya Structure and physical-mechanical properties of human dura mater concerning aging. Arch. Anat. Histol. Embryol. (Russia). 3:29-36.

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Genina E.A., Bashkatov A.N., Kochubey V.I., Tuchin V.V. // Optics and Spectroscopy, 98(3), , 2005 Human dura mater: optical properties

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Human skin: structure 1 - Stratum Corneum; 2 – Epidermis; 3 – Dermis; 4 – Subcutaneous adipose tissue Electron microscope photograph (x960) Bashkatov A.N., Genina E.A., Korovina I.V., Sinichkin Yu.P., Novikova O.V., Tuchin V.V. // Proc. SPIE, Vol. 4241, P , 2001

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Human and rat skin: optical properties b a The absorption of the rat (a) skin and human (b) skin dermis samples IS, IMC, data averaged for 10 samples The absorption of the rat (a) skin and human (b) skin dermis samples IS, IMC, data averaged for 10 samples

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Human and rat skin: optical properties The reduced scattering coefficient of the rat skin (a) and human (b) skin dermis samples. IS, IMC, data averaged for 10 samples a b

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Human and rat skin: optical properties The scattering coefficient of the rat skin (a) and human (b) skin dermis samples. IS, IMC, data averaged for 10 samples a b

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Human and rat skin: optical properties The wavelength dependence of scattering anisotropy factor of the rat skin (a) and human (b) skin dermis samples. IS, IMC, data averaged for 10 samples a b

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Muscle tissue: optical properties

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Bashkatov A.N., Genina E.A., Kochubey V.I., Tuchin V.V. // Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 38, P , 2005 Human subcutaneous adipose tissue: optical properties

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Bashkatov A.N., Genina E.A., Kochubey V.I., Tuchin V.V. // Optics and Spectroscopy, Vol. 99, N. 5, P , 2005 Rat abdominal and subcutaneous adipose tissue: optical properties The absorption (blue line) and the scattering (black line) spectra of the abdominal rat adipose tissue The absorption (blue line) and the scattering (black line) spectra of the subcutaneous rat adipose tissue

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Bashkatov A.N., Genina E.A., et al. // Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 38, P , 2005 Human mucous of maxillary sinuses: optical properties

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Human nasal polyps: optical properties IS, IMC, data averaged for 20 samples

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Human nasal polyps: optical properties IS, IMC, data averaged for 20 samples

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Human tonsils: optical properties IS, IMC, data averaged for 20 samples

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Human tonsils: optical properties IS, IMC, data averaged for 20 samples

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Porcine lung: optical properties IS, IMC, data averaged for 10 samples

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Porcine lung: optical properties IS, IMC, data averaged for 10 samples

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Human stomach wall mucosa: optical properties

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Rat pancreas: optical properties Black line – norma Blue line - pancreatitis

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Rat pancreas: optical properties Black line – norma Blue line - pancreatitis

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Human colon tissue: optical properties Bashkatov A.N., Genina E.A., Kochubey V.I., Rubtsov V.S., Kolesnikova E.A., Tuchin V.V. Optical properties of human colon tissues in the nm spectral range // Quantum Electronics, Vol. 44(8), P , 2014 ■ - mucous layer of the colon tissue ● - submucous layer of the colon tissue

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Human colon tissue: optical properties Bashkatov A.N., Genina E.A., Kochubey V.I., Rubtsov V.S., Kolesnikova E.A., Tuchin V.V. Optical properties of human colon tissues in the nm spectral range // Quantum Electronics, Vol. 44(8), P , 2014 ■ - mucous layer of the colon tissue ● - submucous layer of the colon tissue

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Human parietal peritoneum: optical properties Bashkatov A.N., Genina E.A., Kozintseva M.D., Kochubey V.I., Gorodkov S.Yu., Tuchin V.V. Optical properties of parietal peritoneum in the spectral range nm // Optics and spectroscopy, Vol. 120(1), 2016 (in press) Absorption spectrum of the parietal peritoneum mucous. IS, IMC, data averaged for 13 samples Reduced scattering coefficient spectrum of the parietal peritoneum mucous. IS, IMC, data averaged for 13 samples

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Human parietal peritoneum: optical properties Bashkatov A.N., Genina E.A., Kozintseva M.D., Kochubey V.I., Gorodkov S.Yu., Tuchin V.V. Optical properties of parietal peritoneum in the spectral range nm // Optics and spectroscopy, Vol. 120(1), 2016 (in press) The scattering coefficient spectrum of the parietal peritoneum mucous. IS, IMC, data averaged for 13 samples Wavelength dependence of scattering anisotropy factor of the parietal peritoneum mucous. IS, IMC, data averaged for 13 samples

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Human parietal peritoneum: optical properties Bashkatov A.N., Genina E.A., Kozintseva M.D., Kochubey V.I., Gorodkov S.Yu., Tuchin V.V. Optical properties of parietal peritoneum in the spectral range nm // Optics and spectroscopy, Vol. 120(1), 2016 (in press) Absorption spectrum of the parietal peritoneum muscle. IS, IMC, data averaged for 10 samples Reduced scattering coefficient spectrum of the parietal peritoneum muscle. IS, IMC, data averaged for 10 samples

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Human parietal peritoneum: optical properties Bashkatov A.N., Genina E.A., Kozintseva M.D., Kochubey V.I., Gorodkov S.Yu., Tuchin V.V. Optical properties of parietal peritoneum in the spectral range nm // Optics and spectroscopy, Vol. 120(1), 2016 (in press) Absorption spectrum of the whole parietal peritoneum (mucous + muscle). IS, IMC, data averaged for 14 samples Reduced scattering coefficient spectrum of the whole parietal peritoneum (mucous + muscle). IS, IMC, 14 samples

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Waigh T.A. Applied biophysics. A molecular approach for physical scientists / John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2007 Human bone: structure

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Bashkatov A.N., Genina E.A., et al. // Proc. SPIE, Vol. 6163, , 2006 Human cranial bone: optical properties

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 The absorption spectra of human eye sclera, skin, adipose tissue, maxillary sinus, colon, muscle, parietal peritoneum, lung, pancreas, nasal polyps, tonsils, and stomach wall mucous. The green line corresponds to absorption averaged over all investigated tissues. The red line correspond to wavelength dependence of reduced scattering coefficient averaged over all investigated tissues, and blue line correspond to its approximation by a power law

Saratov State University ______________________________________________ Department of Optics & Biophotonics __________________________________________________ 7th Finnish-Russian Photonics and Laser Symposium PALS'15 Acknowledgement Grant of Russian Scientific Foundation № Foundation namely D.I. Mendeleev of Tomsk State University Grant of President of Russian Federation «Leading Scientific School» № НШ The authors would like to thank Prof. V.I. Kochubey, PhD I. Yanina, and PhD students D.K. Tuchina, E.A. Kolesnikova, P.A. Timoshina and M.D. Kozintseva for his help in these investigations