EVOLUTION Chapter 15

Charles Darwin

Question for Thought Earth has millions of other kinds of organisms of every Earth has millions of other kinds of organisms of every imaginable shape, size, and habitat. imaginable shape, size, and habitat. This variety of living things is called biological diversity. How did all these different organisms arise? How are they related? How are they related?

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Evolution, or change over time, is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms. Evolution, or change over time, is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms. Evolution A scientific theory is a well-supported testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world. theory

How do you think Darwin came up with his theory?

Voyage of the Beagle

Voyage of Beagle Dates: February 12th, 1831 Dates: February 12th, 1831 Captain: Charles Darwin Captain: Charles Darwin Ship: H.M.S. Beagle Ship: H.M.S. Beagle Destination: Voyage around the world. Destination: Voyage around the world. Findings: evidence to propose a revolutionary hypothesis about how life changes over time Findings: evidence to propose a revolutionary hypothesis about how life changes over time

Living Organisms and Fossils Darwin collected the preserved remains of ancient organisms, called fossils. Darwin collected the preserved remains of ancient organisms, called fossils.fossils Some of those fossils resembled organisms that were still alive today. Some of those fossils resembled organisms that were still alive today.

Living Organisms and Fossils Others looked completely unlike any creature he had ever seen. Others looked completely unlike any creature he had ever seen. As Darwin studied fossils, new questions arose. As Darwin studied fossils, new questions arose.  Why had so many of these species disappeared?  How were they related to living species?

Fossils

The Galapagos Island The smallest, lowest islands were hot, dry, and nearly barren-Hood Island-sparse vegetation The smallest, lowest islands were hot, dry, and nearly barren-Hood Island-sparse vegetation The higher islands had greater rainfall and a different assortment of plants and animals-Isabela- Island had rich vegetation. The higher islands had greater rainfall and a different assortment of plants and animals-Isabela- Island had rich vegetation.

The Galapagos Island The animals found on the islands share a close relationship with those on the mainland, so they could be related. The animals found on the islands share a close relationship with those on the mainland, so they could be related. But there are differences in the animals, which means habitat can affect the adaptations of organisms. But there are differences in the animals, which means habitat can affect the adaptations of organisms.

The Galapagos Island Tortoises Giant tortoises varied in predictable ways from one island to another. Giant tortoises varied in predictable ways from one island to another. The shape of a tortoise's shell could be used to identify which island a particular tortoise inhabited. The shape of a tortoise's shell could be used to identify which island a particular tortoise inhabited. Notched shells and longer necks make it possible for them to reach food far off the ground, whereas, shorter necks and no notch in shell can reach food closer to ground. Notched shells and longer necks make it possible for them to reach food far off the ground, whereas, shorter necks and no notch in shell can reach food closer to ground. Without these adaptations finding food would be very difficult. Without these adaptations finding food would be very difficult.

Animals found in the Galapagos Land Tortoises Land Tortoises Darwin Finches Darwin Finches Blue-Footed Booby Blue-Footed Booby Marine Iguanas Marine Iguanas

Animals

The Journey Home Darwin Observed that characteristics of many plants and animals vary greatly among the islands Darwin Observed that characteristics of many plants and animals vary greatly among the islands Hypothesis: Separate species may have arose from an original ancestor Hypothesis: Separate species may have arose from an original ancestor

Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution Tendency toward Perfection(Giraffe necks) Tendency toward Perfection(Giraffe necks) Use and Disuse (bird’s using forearms) Use and Disuse (bird’s using forearms) Inheritance of Acquired Traits Inheritance of Acquired Traits Are you still paying Attention? Are you still paying Attention?

Publication of Orgin of Species A book written by Darwin about evolution driven by natural selection. A book written by Darwin about evolution driven by natural selection.

Natural Selection & Artificial Selection Natural variation--differences among individuals of a species Natural variation--differences among individuals of a species Artificial selection- nature provides the variation among different organisms, and humans select those variations they find useful. Artificial selection- nature provides the variation among different organisms, and humans select those variations they find useful.

Evolution by Natural Selection The Struggle for Existence-members of each species have to compete for food, shelter, other life necessities The Struggle for Existence-members of each species have to compete for food, shelter, other life necessities Survival of the Fittest-Some individuals better suited for the environment Survival of the Fittest-Some individuals better suited for the environment

Struggle For Existence & Survival of The Fittest

Natural Selection Over time, natural selection results in changes in inherited characteristics of a population. These changes increase a species fitness in its environment Over time, natural selection results in changes in inherited characteristics of a population. These changes increase a species fitness in its environment

Evidence for Evolution The Fossil Record- Layer show change Homologous Body Structures Similarities in Early Development

Evidence of Evolution The Fossil Record Geographic Distribution of Living Things-similar environments have similar types of organisms Homologous Body Structures Similarities in Early Development

Homologous Structures Homologous Structures -structures that have different mature forms in different organisms, but develop from the same embryonic tissue Homologous Structures -structures that have different mature forms in different organisms, but develop from the same embryonic tissue

Homologous Structures

Analogous Structures Structures in different species having the same appearance, structure or function, but have evolved separately, thus do not share common ancestor. Structures in different species having the same appearance, structure or function, but have evolved separately, thus do not share common ancestor.speciesancestorspeciesancestor Examples Examples  wings of insects and birds used for flying wingsinsectsbirds wingsinsectsbirds  fins of fish and flippers of whales (mammals finsfishflipperswhalesmammals finsfishflipperswhalesmammals

Analogous Structures

Evidence for Evolution Vestigial organs-organs that serve no useful function in an organism Vestigial organs-organs that serve no useful function in an organism i.e.) appendix, miniature legs, arms i.e.) appendix, miniature legs, arms

Similarities in Early Development

Armadillo Adaptations The glyptodont was large, thousands of years ago, because that adaptation supported it’s survival. The glyptodont was large, thousands of years ago, because that adaptation supported it’s survival. Today, that large size stopped being an advantage (more visible to predators). Today, that large size stopped being an advantage (more visible to predators). The armored shell is a trait in both animals, therefore it must have been an advantage. The armored shell is a trait in both animals, therefore it must have been an advantage.

Darwin noticed that different islands, had different birds, with different beaks, adapted to make getting food easier