1 Chapter Six Community-Oriented Policing and Problem Solving and Problem Solving Professor Charles M. Smith

2 General Information Hello Class, I want to remind you that I am here to assist you with any questions you have about the class. Feel free to contact me via or via aim SirCharles8244 during office hours Thursday 5:00 – 6:00 PM EST & 9:00 – 10:00PM or by using my virtual office. If necessary, we can arrange for a phone conference. Hello Class, I want to remind you that I am here to assist you with any questions you have about the class. Feel free to contact me via or via aim SirCharles8244 during office hours Thursday 5:00 – 6:00 PM EST & 9:00 – 10:00PM or by using my virtual office. If necessary, we can arrange for a phone conference.

3 Welcome Class will start shortly until then hold an open discussion and get to know your classmates. Class will start shortly until then hold an open discussion and get to know your classmates. During the seminar if I do not answer your question please do not feel I am ignoring you or I do not like you. Sometimes the seminars move very fast and I did not see the question. During the seminar if I do not answer your question please do not feel I am ignoring you or I do not like you. Sometimes the seminars move very fast and I did not see the question. I assure you I will always be available to answer your questions. I assure you I will always be available to answer your questions. My Aim is on 24 hours a day. My Aim is on 24 hours a day. Any Questions before we begin? Any Questions before we begin?

4 Basic Principles of Community Policing Redefined role Redefined role Public must be engaged in the fight against crime and disorder Public must be engaged in the fight against crime and disorder Peel emphasized this in the 1820s Peel emphasized this in the 1820s In the early 1980s, COP emerged as the dominant model In the early 1980s, COP emerged as the dominant model Working partnership with community Working partnership with community

5 Basic Principles of Community Policing Long-term process that involves fundamental institutional change Long-term process that involves fundamental institutional change Role from crime fighter to problem solver Role from crime fighter to problem solver Decentralized organizational structure and changes in recruiting, training, evaluations, promotions Decentralized organizational structure and changes in recruiting, training, evaluations, promotions Break away from incident-driven policing Break away from incident-driven policing

6 Basic Principles of Community Policing Police station houses are being changed in terms of design and amenities Police station houses are being changed in terms of design and amenities Was seen as unfriendly places Was seen as unfriendly places Some jurisdictions now have police stations with ATMs, kitchen-equipped meeting rooms for public use and more areas open to the public Some jurisdictions now have police stations with ATMs, kitchen-equipped meeting rooms for public use and more areas open to the public

7 Major Step Forward: Problem-Oriented Policing Problem solving is not new Problem solving is not new Routine application of problem-solving techniques are new Routine application of problem-solving techniques are new Problem solving can be applied by officers throughout the agency Problem solving can be applied by officers throughout the agency Routine problem-solving efforts can be effective in reducing or resolving problems Routine problem-solving efforts can be effective in reducing or resolving problems

8 Basic Principles of Community Policing Problem-orienting policing (POP) was grounded on different principles than COP, but they are complimentary Problem-orienting policing (POP) was grounded on different principles than COP, but they are complimentary POP advocates that police examine underlying causes of recurring crime POP advocates that police examine underlying causes of recurring crime Herman Goldstein is the principal architect of POP Herman Goldstein is the principal architect of POP

9 SARA Four-stage problem-solving process 1. Scanning Behaviors Behaviors Locations Locations People People Time Time Events Events Primary purpose of scanning is to conduct a preliminary inquiry to determine if a problem does exist Primary purpose of scanning is to conduct a preliminary inquiry to determine if a problem does exist

10 SARA 2. Analysis The heart of the problem-solving process The heart of the problem-solving process Learn as much as possible about the problem to identify causes Learn as much as possible about the problem to identify causes Identifying seriousness of the problem Identifying seriousness of the problem Knowing all the individuals involved and affected Knowing all the individuals involved and affected Listing all the causes of the problem Listing all the causes of the problem Assessing current responses and their effectiveness Assessing current responses and their effectiveness

11 SARA Several methods developed for analyzing Several methods developed for analyzing Problem-analysis triangle Problem-analysis triangle The use of crime-mapping and offense reports The use of crime-mapping and offense reports The analysis of CFS The analysis of CFS The use of community surveys The use of community surveys

12 SARA Some factors known to affect volume and type of crime Some factors known to affect volume and type of crime Population density Population density Variations in composition of population Variations in composition of population Stability of population Stability of population Modes of transportation Modes of transportation Climate Climate Citizens’ attitudes toward crime Citizens’ attitudes toward crime

13 SARA Types of crime analysis 1. Tactical Provides information used to assist operations personnel Provides information used to assist operations personnel Includes associating criminal activity by method, crime, time, date, location Includes associating criminal activity by method, crime, time, date, location

14 SARA 2. Strategic Concerned with long-range problems and projections of long-term increases or decreases in crime Concerned with long-range problems and projections of long-term increases or decreases in crime Also includes the preparation of crime statistical summaries, resource acquisition, and allocation studies Also includes the preparation of crime statistical summaries, resource acquisition, and allocation studies

15 SARA 3. Administrative Focuses on provision of economic, geographic, or social information to administration Focuses on provision of economic, geographic, or social information to administration Problem solvers should review their findings about the three sides of the crime triangle – victims, offenders, and locations Problem solvers should review their findings about the three sides of the crime triangle – victims, offenders, and locations

16 SARA 3. Response The ultimate challenge in POP The ultimate challenge in POP The search for the most effective way of dealing with the problem The search for the most effective way of dealing with the problem Focuses on developing and implementing responses to problem Focuses on developing and implementing responses to problem

17 SARA 4. Assessment Officers evaluate the effectiveness of their responses Officers evaluate the effectiveness of their responses Reduced instances of repeat victimization Reduced instances of repeat victimization Decreases in related crime or incidents Decreases in related crime or incidents Neighborhood indicators Neighborhood indicators Reduced citizen fear related to the problem Reduced citizen fear related to the problem

18 Basic Principles of COPPS Both COP and POP share characteristics 1. Decentralization 2. Geographically rather than functionally defined subordinate units 3. Close interactions with local communities

19 Basic Principles of COPPS For COPPS to succeed, the following measures are required For COPPS to succeed, the following measures are required 1. Conducting accurate community needs assessments 2. Mobilizing all appropriate players to collect data and brainstorm strategies 3. Determine appropriate resource allocations

20 Basic Principles of COPPS 4. Developing and implementing innovative, collaborative, comprehensive programs to address underlying causes and causal factors 5. Evaluating programs and modifying approaches as needed

21 Implementation of COPPS Strongly argued that a department wide of COPPS be used Strongly argued that a department wide of COPPS be used No golden rule or any universal methods to ensure the successful adoption No golden rule or any universal methods to ensure the successful adoption The role of the rank-and-file officer The role of the rank-and-file officer The role of the environment where COPPS is implemented The role of the environment where COPPS is implemented

22 Implementation of COPPS Leadership and Administration Leadership and Administration Communicate to all department members the vital role of COPPS Communicate to all department members the vital role of COPPS Provide incentives to engage in COPPS Provide incentives to engage in COPPS Reduce the barriers to COPPS that can occur Reduce the barriers to COPPS that can occur Show officers how to address problems Show officers how to address problems

23 Implementation of COPPS Human Resources Human Resources Middle managers and first-line supervisors play a crucial role Middle managers and first-line supervisors play a crucial role First-line supervisors and senior patrol officers seem to generate the greatest resistance to COPPS First-line supervisors and senior patrol officers seem to generate the greatest resistance to COPPS

24 Implementation of COPPS Field Operations Field Operations Recruiting, selection, training, performance evaluation, promotion, honors and awards, discipline Recruiting, selection, training, performance evaluation, promotion, honors and awards, discipline Recruiting literature should reflect the principles of COPPS Recruiting literature should reflect the principles of COPPS Integrated into academy training Integrated into academy training

25 Implementation of COPPS External Relations External Relations Collaborative responses to neighborhood crime and disorder are essential to the success of COPPS Collaborative responses to neighborhood crime and disorder are essential to the success of COPPS New relationships and sharing of information between the police and the community New relationships and sharing of information between the police and the community

26 Implementation of COPPS Media provides means to educate the community about COPPS Media provides means to educate the community about COPPS Political support Political support Broader role of the street officer Broader role of the street officer “Thinking” officers “Thinking” officers Do more than handle calls Do more than handle calls Design effective ways of responding Design effective ways of responding

27 Community Policing in Japan Possesses the oldest and best- established community policing system in the world Possesses the oldest and best- established community policing system in the world Four elements at the core Four elements at the core 1. Community-based crime prevention 2. Reorientation of patrol activities 3. Increased accountability to the public 4. Decentralization of command

28 Community Policing in Japan Heavy emphasis on order maintenance and prevention Heavy emphasis on order maintenance and prevention Counseling services Counseling services Trained in dispute resolution Trained in dispute resolution Urban police visit neighborhood households Urban police visit neighborhood households Koban Koban

29 Evaluating COPPS No clear verdict until rigorous evaluations No clear verdict until rigorous evaluations Evaluation not the same as the SARA process Evaluation not the same as the SARA process Outcome measures might include: Outcome measures might include: Control of crime Control of crime Citizen satisfaction with police services Citizen satisfaction with police services Decreased fear of crime Decreased fear of crime

30 Crime Prevention Better to prevent a crime rather than trying to solve a crime Better to prevent a crime rather than trying to solve a crime “Lock it or lose it” “Lock it or lose it” Giving advice to citizens about door locks Giving advice to citizens about door locks At its heart, COPPS is about preventing crime At its heart, COPPS is about preventing crime

31 Crime Prevention Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) “Proper design and effective use of the environment” “Proper design and effective use of the environment” 1. Natural access control 2. Natural surveillance 3. Territorial reinforcement

32 Crime Prevention Five types of information needed 1. Crime-analysis information 2. Demographics 3. Land use information 4. Observations 5. Resident information

33 Crime Prevention Repeat Victimization (RV) Repeat Victimization (RV) Greater attention given to offenders than to crime victims Greater attention given to offenders than to crime victims If police want to know where a crime will occur next, they should look at where it happened last If police want to know where a crime will occur next, they should look at where it happened last One in three burglaries is a repeat burglary of a household One in three burglaries is a repeat burglary of a household

34 Crime Prevention A small number of victims accounts for a disproportionate number of victimizations A small number of victims accounts for a disproportionate number of victimizations Drug Abuse Resistance and Education Drug Abuse Resistance and Education DARE program DARE program Program needs new direction Program needs new direction

35 Scope of Forensic Science and Criminalistics Forensic science Forensic science The examination, evaluation, and explanation of physical evidence in law The examination, evaluation, and explanation of physical evidence in law Criminalistics Criminalistics One branch of forensic science One branch of forensic science Deals with the study of physical evidence related to crime Deals with the study of physical evidence related to crime

36 Scope of Forensic Science and Criminalistics Criminalistics is interdisciplinary Criminalistics is interdisciplinary Types of information physical evidence can provide Types of information physical evidence can provide 1. Information on the corpus delicti 2. Information on the modus operandi 3. Linking of suspect with a victim 4. Linking of a person to a crime scene

37 Scope of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 5. Disproving or supporting a witness’s testimony 6. Identification of a suspect

38 Scope of Forensic Science and Criminalistics First on the crime scene are trained to: 1. Describe vehicles and individuals 2. Assess the scene for officer safety 3. Watch for violent persons and attend to emergency medical needs 4. Prevent any unauthorized persons from entering the scene

39 Forensic Science and the Criminal Justice System Investigative stages 1. Preliminary investigation 2. Continuing investigation 3. Reconstruction of the crime 4. Focus of the investigation Corpus delicti

40 Detectives: Qualities, Myths, and Attributes Every city with a population of more than 250,000 and 90% of smaller cities have detectives Every city with a population of more than 250,000 and 90% of smaller cities have detectives RAND research team learned that only about 20% of their crimes could have been solved by detective work RAND research team learned that only about 20% of their crimes could have been solved by detective work Fewer than 50% of all reported crimes received more than a minimal half hour’s investigation by detectives – Kansas City study Fewer than 50% of all reported crimes received more than a minimal half hour’s investigation by detectives – Kansas City study

41 Detectives: Qualities, Myths, and Attributes Four personal attributes to be a successful investigator Four personal attributes to be a successful investigator 1. An unusual capability for observation and recall 2. An extensive knowledge of the law, rules of evidence, scientific aids, and laboratory services 3. Gut instincts

42 Detectives: Qualities, Myths, and Attributes 3. A powerful imagination 4. A working knowledge of social psychology Appear to empathize with the suspect Appear to empathize with the suspect Logical skills, the ability to exercise deductive reasoning Logical skills, the ability to exercise deductive reasoning Ability to read and understand body language Ability to read and understand body language

43 Officers Who “Disappear”: Working Undercover Operations have increased greatly since the 1970s Operations have increased greatly since the 1970s Largely to expanded drug investigations Largely to expanded drug investigations Ability to cultivate informants Ability to cultivate informants Increased risk of stress-related illness, physical harm, and corruption Increased risk of stress-related illness, physical harm, and corruption Returning to patrol may be difficult Returning to patrol may be difficult Many officers do return to patrol Many officers do return to patrol

44 Uses of the Polygraph Used by the police since the early 1900s Used by the police since the early 1900s Cannot detect when a lie is told Cannot detect when a lie is told Two major uses Two major uses 1. Specific issue testing 2. Pre-employment screening Cannot be used in court Cannot be used in court It is an investigative tool It is an investigative tool Risky procedure for employment Risky procedure for employment

45 DNA Analysis In April 2007 it was reported that the 200 th person was exonerated by DNA evidence In April 2007 it was reported that the 200 th person was exonerated by DNA evidence DNA is the basic building code for all the body’s chromosomes DNA is the basic building code for all the body’s chromosomes Developed in England by Alec Jeffreys in 1984 Developed in England by Alec Jeffreys in 1984 One the best new tools on this century One the best new tools on this century

46 DNA Analysis 3. Only two days are needed for analysis 4. DNA process can be automated Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) Contains DNA profiles from subjects convicted of homicide, sexual assault, and other serious felonies Contains DNA profiles from subjects convicted of homicide, sexual assault, and other serious felonies Major issue involves post-conviction testing Major issue involves post-conviction testing However it usually takes weeks for results However it usually takes weeks for results

47 DNA Analysis Each state has own procedural rules for post-conviction relief Each state has own procedural rules for post-conviction relief 31 states have laws in place to provide for motions for post-conviction DNA testing 31 states have laws in place to provide for motions for post-conviction DNA testing In early 2007, U. S. Justice Department finalized guidelines for allowing collection of DNA from most people arrested or detained by federal authorities In early 2007, U. S. Justice Department finalized guidelines for allowing collection of DNA from most people arrested or detained by federal authorities

48 Post Conviction Testing The traditional appeals process is often insufficient for proving a wrongful conviction. It is not uncommon for an innocent person to exhaust all possible appeals without being allowed access to the DNA evidence in his case. The traditional appeals process is often insufficient for proving a wrongful conviction. It is not uncommon for an innocent person to exhaust all possible appeals without being allowed access to the DNA evidence in his case. Although 48 states have post-conviction DNA testing access statutes, many of these testing laws are limited in scope and substance Although 48 states have post-conviction DNA testing access statutes, many of these testing laws are limited in scope and substance

49 Post Conviction Testing Some laws present insurmountable hurdles to the individual seeking access, putting the burden on the defense to effectively solve the crime and prove that the DNA evidence promises to implicate another individual. Some laws present insurmountable hurdles to the individual seeking access, putting the burden on the defense to effectively solve the crime and prove that the DNA evidence promises to implicate another individual. Despite the fact that 11 of the first 225 individuals proven innocent through DNA testing initially peld guilty, certain laws still do not permit access to DNA when the defendant originally pled guilty. Despite the fact that 11 of the first 225 individuals proven innocent through DNA testing initially peld guilty, certain laws still do not permit access to DNA when the defendant originally pled guilty.

50 Behavioral Science in Criminal Investigation Almost one-third are ex-convicts and former mental patients Almost one-third are ex-convicts and former mental patients Many are attracted to policing Many are attracted to policing Principally attack lone women, children, older people, homeless people, hitchhikers, and prostitutes Principally attack lone women, children, older people, homeless people, hitchhikers, and prostitutes Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics

51 Recent Developments in Forensic Science and Investigation Stalking investigations Stalking investigations Recently described as the crime of the 1990s Recently described as the crime of the 1990s Four types of stalking situations Four types of stalking situations 1. Erotomanic stalking 2. Love obsession stalking 3. Simple obsession stalking 4. False victimization syndrome

52 Recent Developments in Forensic Science and Investigation Investigation of Cybercrooks Investigation of Cybercrooks Protection of the Innocents Protection of the Innocents Pedophiles and pornographers online Pedophiles and pornographers online About 1.3 children are missing each year About 1.3 children are missing each year 99.8% of the children reported missing by a caretaker were located or returned home alive 99.8% of the children reported missing by a caretaker were located or returned home alive Pedophiles came out of the closet by the thousands with the introduction of the internet Pedophiles came out of the closet by the thousands with the introduction of the internet

53 Cold Case Investigators Cold Cases Cold Cases Most important component of cold case squads is personnel Most important component of cold case squads is personnel Cases are prioritized on the basis of the likelihood of an eventual solution Cases are prioritized on the basis of the likelihood of an eventual solution High priority to homicide cases with identified victim, suspects previously named or identified High priority to homicide cases with identified victim, suspects previously named or identified Many agencies use retired officers Many agencies use retired officers

54 Reminder Hello Class, I want to remind you that I am here to assist you with any questions you have about the class. Feel free to contact me via or via aim SirCharles8244 during office hours Thursday 5:00 – 6:00 PM EST & 9:00 – 10:00PM or by using my virtual office. If necessary, we can arrange for a phone conference. Hello Class, I want to remind you that I am here to assist you with any questions you have about the class. Feel free to contact me via or via aim SirCharles8244 during office hours Thursday 5:00 – 6:00 PM EST & 9:00 – 10:00PM or by using my virtual office. If necessary, we can arrange for a phone conference.

55 Unit Five Work 09 December “NO SEMINAR” 09 December “NO SEMINAR” Midterm Essay Exam: Midterm Essay Exam: Write a 2 page paper response (excluding cover page) for each of the following questions: Write a 2 page paper response (excluding cover page) for each of the following questions: Contrast the differences and similarities between the federal, state, and local levels of law enforcement. Contrast the differences and similarities between the federal, state, and local levels of law enforcement. How did August Vollmer and other pioneers in law enforcement contribute to the development of criminal investigative techniques? How did August Vollmer and other pioneers in law enforcement contribute to the development of criminal investigative techniques? The paper should contain a cover page and a list of references in APA format. The paper should contain a cover page and a list of references in APA format. All text pages should be double-spaced and in 12-point font. All text pages should be double-spaced and in 12-point font.

56 The Check List I urge all of you to use the check list as guide to an excellent essay. I urge all of you to use the check list as guide to an excellent essay. Any Questions? Any Questions? Stay focused – Stay safe Stay focused – Stay safe Do not hesitate to contact me for any assistance. Do not hesitate to contact me for any assistance. Class Dismissed Class Dismissed