Polyethoxylated ascorbic acid for better stability and uptake POUSTIN-C Polyethoxylated ascorbic acid for better stability and uptake

Product POUSTIN-C is a polyethoxylated form of ascorbic acid The addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the ascorbic acid: Increases stability during feed manufacturing and storage Improves digestibility and uptake by the animal Allows lower doses of ascorbic acid to be added to feed but still achieve the required absorbed level

This bond only broken by enzymatic hydrolysis Mode of Action The bond joining the PEG to the ascorbic acid is degrade by enzymatic hydrolysis when it reaches the GI tract MPEGO This bond only broken by enzymatic hydrolysis

Mode of Action This bond is not broken down by heat, water or UV making POUSTIN-C extremely stable Bond easily broken by enzymatic hydrolysis so it releases freely available ascorbic acid at high levels in the intestine for rapid and high absorption Being highly available at the point of absorption means increased uptake by the animal Ascorbic acid is then distribution to all body tissues via the bloodstream

Stability Increment 1st generation 2nd generation 3rd generation 4th generation O O O O S O P O X P O P O MPEG O O O O x = Ca, Na Ascorbic acid L-Ascorbyl-2- L-ascorbyl-mono L-ascorbyl-2- Poustin-C sulfate phosphate polyphosphate Very unstable Better stability Low availability due to the lack of sulfatase in the gut of fish Stable But expensive Stable But expensive Highly stable Lower inclusion rates

L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate Stability Condition L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate POUSTIN-C Availability after heat treatment 90 % (137oC for <10 mins) > 90 % (120oC for 3 days) Availability after exposure to water 60-65 % (pellets in seawater for 5 mins) 51-63 % (pellets in seawater for 2 hrs) 19 % (pellets in seawater for 6 hrs) > 85 % (25oC & pH 6 for 3 months) Loss during feed manufacturing (extrusion process) 10-20 % < 3 % Losses during storage as feed 5-10 % per month < 1 % per month

Stability Visual heat treatment test, at 90 oC for 15 mins Ascorbic acid is totally unstable and fully oxidized so it has totally changed its colour POUSTIN-C shows excellently stability and still remains as a clear liquid after heat treatment L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate has less stability and has changed colour Ascorbic POUSTIN-C L-ascorbyl-2 acid phosphate

Summary POUSTIN-C is a highly stable, highly available form of vitamin C for aquaculture diets Unique, patented formulation Liquid form easily added to feed manufacturing process Much lower dose than other forms 330 g per MT of feed to provide 250 mg ascorbic acid per kg feed Contains no phosphorous Superior Vitamin C option for aquafeeds