Federal Department of Home Affairs FDHA Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss PP COLOBOC Status Report Jean-Marie Bettems / MeteoSwiss Jürgen Helmert / DWD COSMO GM Moscow, September 8 th, 2010

2 COSMO GM, PP COLOBOC / Moscow, September 2010 Goal (COSMO GM 2008) Consolidation of Lower Boundary Conditions It is the main goal of this project to incorporate all activities related to the lower boundary conditions which have already reached an advanced state, and to consolidate these developments into well tested and documented software packages readily usable by the COSMO community.

3 COSMO GM, PP COLOBOC / Moscow, September 2010 Actions (COSMO GM 2008) Consolidate tools of general interest: externalized TERRA module software for generation of external parameters Facilitate verification tasks: facilitate access to and usage of soil/surface observations Consolidate and extend external parameters database Find and validate an optimal configuration of TERRA with its associated external parameters and look-up tables Revision of snow analysis and snow model Deployment of urban module developed in Switzerland Consolidate parameterization of land surface heterogeneity with the tile/mosaic approach

4 COSMO GM, PP COLOBOC / Moscow, September 2010 Review – COLOBOC, task 0 Observation sets for SVAT model validation. Documentation Data pool Collect soil / surface / BL observations at selected sites, on behalf of the C-SRNWP Programme. Operational data with time lag from: Lindenberg (D), Payerne (CH), Toulouse (F), San Pietro (I), Sodankylaa (Finland), Cabauw (Netherland). Data of 6 participating sites for soon available on-line on the COSMO web site. Year 2009 will follow afterwards. Common xls format. Special side meeting on this topic at the EMS conference in Zurich (Wed. Sept. 15th, 14h h30).  Demo Demo

5 COSMO GM, PP COLOBOC / Moscow, September 2010 Review – COLOBOC, task 0 Proposal for extension JM. Bettems/MCH, C.Heret, F.Beyrich/DWD, T.Andreadis/HNMS (0.3 FTE) Extend on-line documentation (e.g. effective data availability of participating sites) Check usability of collected data (Master student at Swiss Federal Institue of Technology) Collect 2009 data Include additional observatories (Valday/Russia? Cardington/UK? More?) Make this effort sustainable

6 COSMO GM, PP COLOBOC / Moscow, September 2010 Review – COLOBOC, task 0 Open questions Use SRNWP data pool for routine diagnostic of the soil, surface, and boundary layer of all COSMO models … interest from WG5 ?

7 COSMO GM, PP COLOBOC / Moscow, September 2010 Review – COLOBOC, task 1 Consolidate externalized TERRA module. Updated package including tests and documentation soon available (integrated within COSMO source code, activated by compiler flag) Code remains fragile when used in a non tested configuration; code limitations will also be documented

8 COSMO GM, PP COLOBOC / Moscow, September 2010 Review – COLOBOC, task 1 Task is terminated, but open questions remain Support after end of project, in particular with respect to the introduction of GRIB2 and the new physics interface Provision of COSMO temporal mean values for all driving fields (e.g. T_2M) Code re-write to achieve a production standard

9 COSMO GM, PP COLOBOC / Moscow, September 2010 Review – COLOBOC, task 2 Consolidate software for generating external parameters. New code for the aggregation and interpolation of the raw data to the target grid is available (Fortran 90), technical documentation is available Raw data files are converted into NetCDF format, GRIB output will be available soon Reference system at DWD, accessible through a Web interface  Demo Demo

10 COSMO GM, PP COLOBOC / Moscow, September 2010 Review – COLOBOC, task 3.1 Document external parameters data set. Documentation of datasets available on the COSMO web site (

11 COSMO GM, PP COLOBOC / Moscow, September 2010 Review – COLOBOC, task 3.2 Consolidate external parameters data set. Consolidated raw data sets (GLOBE, GLC2000, DSMW) 13 new external parameters available for any domain (aerosol, terra module, urban module, lake module) External parameters for orographic radiation correction will soon be available (bug correction required)

COSMO General Meeting, Moscow, , H. Asensio, DWD external parameters on target grid GLOBE orography DSMW soil data GLC2000 land use Description of External Parameter System

COSMO General Meeting, Moscow, , H. Asensio, DWD ksh scripts Fortran programs global icosahedral grid GME ksh scripts Fortran programs limited area domain COSMO current status external parameter generation new library external parameter generation ksh scripts Fortran programs (Fortran 2003/ Fortran 95) user defined grid Icon,GME COSMO

COSMO General Meeting, Moscow, , H. Asensio, DWD  Current external parameter fields for the COSMO model, total 15 fields  planned extensions for the COSMO model, total 30 fields HH, FR_LAND, SOILTYP, Z0, SSO_STDH, SSO_GAMMA, SSO_THETA, SSO_SIGMA, PLCOV_MN, PLCOV_MX, LAI_MN, LAI_MX, FOREST_D, FOREST_E, ROOTDP HH, FR_LAND, SOILTYP, Z0, SSO_STDH, SSO_GAMMA, SSO_THETA, SSO_SIGMA, PLCOV_MX, LAI_MX, FOREST_D, FOREST_E, ROOTDP NDVI, NDVI_MX, NDVI_RATIO, AER_BC, AER_DUST, AER_SO4, AER_SS, T2M_CL, URBAN, RSMIN, EMISS_RAD, FR_LAKE, DEPTH_LK, SLOPE_ASP, SLOPE_ANG, HORIZON, SKYVIEW Additional external parameters

COSMO General Meeting, Moscow, , H. Asensio, DWD Example for new ext. parameters Fraction lake and lake depth

COSMO General Meeting, Moscow, , H. Asensio, DWD GME ni 256 based on GLCCGME ni 256 based on GLC2000 COSMO-EU based on GLC2000COSMO-DE based on GLC2000 Example for uncertainties of ext. parameters Evergreen Forest: GLC2000 vs. GLCC

17 COSMO GM, PP COLOBOC / Moscow, September 2010 Review – COLOBOC, task 3.2 Proposal for extension (DWD, MCH, CLM community) (1.0 – 1.5 FTE) Consolidate new MODIS derived solar albedo ("background albedo" derived from MODIS data at MPI Hamburg) Consolidate alternative sets of soil types in Europe (Harmonized World Soil Database, European Soil DataBase) Add support for vertically dependent soil information (e.g. depth of water reservoir or inactive layer, texture) Consolidate root depth Alternative vegetation characteristics using MODIS calibrated phenology model (work by R.Stöckli) Allow correct representation of scale separation for z 0 / SSO / resolved scales (filter, option for topo smoothing in EXPAR instead of INT2LM) Provide topography at higher resolution than GLOBE when possible (e.g. SRTM or ASTER GDEM)

18 COSMO GM, PP COLOBOC / Moscow, September 2010 MODIS calibrated real time phenology Historical records of vegetation characteristics reveal a substantial inter-annual variability of the start of season, which may limit the usefulness of a climatology based data set. A framework has been developed by R.Stöckli et al., using a prognostic phenology model with parameters constraint by MODIS data, which can provide an offline gridded forecast of the vegetation characteristics taking into account the actual evolution of the weather [Stöckli 2008]. Basically a statistical approach is used, relying on an ensemble Kalman filter to define the optimal parameters of the phenology model, for a specified set of meteorological data predictor (e.g. from a NWP model).

19 COSMO GM, PP COLOBOC / Moscow, September 2010 MODIS calibrated real time phenology The prognostic phenology model includes the three main climatic controls of seasonal phenological processes: minimum daily temperature, mean daily vapor pressure deficit, mean daily global radiation (Growing Season Index, Jolly et al. 2005). The model derives LAI and FPAR (Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation) A 1000 members EKF is used to derives the optimal parameters of the prognostic phenology model; one set of parameters is computed for each type of vegetation. ‘… the model reproduces the inter-annual variability of start of season with correlations ranging between when compared to independent ground observations.’ [Stöckli et al, Journal of Geophysical Research 2008]

20 COSMO GM, PP COLOBOC / Moscow, September 2010 Review – COLOBOC, task 3.2 Open questions Use of alternative land use data "GLOBCOVER" (higher resolution than GLC2000) Evaluate usage of crop life cycle information (e.g. CLM AgroIBIS, J.L.Roujean/MeteoFrance product)

21 COSMO GM, PP COLOBOC / Moscow, September 2010 Review – COLOBOC, task 4 Revision of TERRA and the associated look-up tables. Developments of TERRA have been integrated in official COSMO code Experiments are running to calibrate the land-surface scheme (parametrizations, external parameters, look-up tables). A consolidated and recommended configuration is expected till the end of 2010.

Aerosol climatology Emissivity Vegetation climatology (LAI, PLCOV) Minimum stomatal resistance Non-uniform root distribution Ground water with upward diffusion Soil moisture dependent heat conductivity Tested adaptions in int2lm and TERRA EXP 7224

Result: less evapotranspiration, dry and warm PBL Reason : Tested combination of external parameters and TERRA adaptions could lead to increase in PRS/LAI ratio ? SMA tries to compensate T2M-Bias, wet soil Conclusions of EXP 7224

BATS Plant transpiration (Dickinson, 1984) r stom stomatal resistance r lc res. btw. leaves and canopy air r ca res. btw. canopy air and atm. level rstom LAI E

PRS_MIN/LAI_MX ROUTI PRS_MIN = 150 s/m

PRS_MIN/LAI June ROUTI Now

PRS_MIN/LAI June EXP Masson (2003) - Ecoclimap

PRS_MIN/LAI June EXP Dorman and Sellers (1989)

Europe East Sibiria SK: 2.00SK: -5.08SK: SK: -9.72SK: SK: 0.88 North America SK: SK: SK: EXP 7601 ECOCLIMAP UTC i192f Tropics Africa SK: 2.73 SK: 3.07 SK: 1.22 Tropics America SK: 4.49SK: 3.86SK: 0.09 Latest TERRA developments Global Verification

Europe East Sibiria North America EXP 7602 D&S UTC i192f Tropics Africa Tropics America SK: -1.88SK: -4.00SK: 1.83 SK: -7.35SK: -5.87SK: SK: -3.75SK: SK: SK: 2.23 SK: 3.23 SK: 0.18 SK: 4.57SK: 4.54SK: 0.02 Latest TERRA developments Global Verification

Result: less evapotranspiration, dry and warm PBL Reason : Tested combination of external parameters and TERRA adaptions could lead to increase in PRS/LAI ratio ? Global numerical experiments showed the impact of PRS/LAI ratio on evapotranspiration and screen level temperature Results from global experiments will be used in COSMO experiments Latest TERRA developments Conclusions and Outlook

32 COSMO GM, PP COLOBOC / Moscow, September 2010 Review – COLOBOC, task 4 Proposal for extension (DWD, MCH, CLM community ) (1.0 FTE) Revision of TERRA rainfall interception and surface water treatment Implementation of an orography dependent surface runoff Detailed comparison of COSMO/TERRA with COSMO/CLM in weather mode (Master student at ETHZ, in group of S.Seneviratne) Tests in climate mode

33 COSMO GM, PP COLOBOC / Moscow, September 2010 Review – COLOBOC, task 4 Open questions Introduction of a leaf temperature to replace T_2M (T_2M may be tuned to best match SYNOP observations, which is not necessarily the most adequate value for representing the temperature of the plant environment) Optimal stretching factor of the soil mesh (a study by A.Will on the characteristics of the numerical solution seems to indicate that the current stretching factor is too large; this could explain the inexistent daily cycle of low cloudiness) Integrate parameterization of mires (Alla Yurova)

The spatial distribution of mires in Russia from the GIS "Peatlands of Russia" (Vompersky et al., 2005). Mires have a specific: Heat balance Moisture exchange

Sensible heatLatent heat Components of the heat balance from the eddy-flux measurements, standard model simulation (stand), and simulation with a new model (mire). Degero Srormyr mire, Sweden

36 COSMO GM, PP COLOBOC / Moscow, September 2010 Review – COLOBOC, task 5.1 Verify and consolidate the new multi-layer snow model New multi-layers snow model, including Snow compaction by metamorphism and gravity Explicit description of radiation effects Phase transition of liquid water within snow pack Water percolation Code is available in latest COSMO release Tests have shown some improvements of snow depth with the new multi- layers snow model, specially during melting phase and in complex topography. Some issues remain with the density of the (fresh) snow and with the representation of partial snow cover Ongoing tests at DWD and MeteoSwiss

37 COSMO GM, PP COLOBOC / Moscow, September 2010 Multi-layers snow model Terra standalone experiments Station at 2450m on the southern slope of the Alps Model at 2350m Dh = -100m September 2, 2007 to May 31, 2008

Snow characteristics: SWE and snow depth ( ) Medvegegorsk : SWE – measurements and 72h forecasts north 91 mm95 mm 83 mm COLOBOC Workshop. Moscow, 6 September 2010

39 COSMO GM, PP COLOBOC / Moscow, September 2010 Review – COLOBOC, task 5.1 Proposal for extension (E. Machulskaya/DWD, Roshydromet, CLM community) (1.0 – 1.5 FTE) Correct fresh snow density and feedback effects on soil temperature Improve representation of snow in forest covered area (albedo …) Improve partial snow cover representation, in particular by using the tile/mosaic approach Tests in climate mode

40 COSMO GM, PP COLOBOC / Moscow, September 2010 Review – COLOBOC, task 5.2 Improved snow analysis MeteoSwiss has extended the DWD snow analysis by introducing a MSG derived snow mask and by tuning the Cressman analysis of snow height observations. Composite fractional snow cover

41 COSMO GM, PP COLOBOC / Moscow, September 2010 Review – COLOBOC, task 5.2 DWD and MeteoSwiss codes have been merged (sfcana 3.0), test are on-going Altitudinal interpolation has still to be integrated Temporal stability of analysis has to be improved

42 COSMO GM, PP COLOBOC / Moscow, September 2010 Review – COLOBOC, task 5.2 Proposal for extension (JM. Bettems/MCH, M. Lange/DWD) Adapt analysis for the new multi layers snow model

43 COSMO GM, PP COLOBOC / Moscow, September 2010 Review – COLOBOC, task 6 Urban module. Code and documentation are ready. Code has already been used (S.Schubert PIK/Potsdam and B.Sändig IfT/Leipzig )

44 COSMO GM, PP COLOBOC / Moscow, September 2010 Review – COLOBOC, task 7 Parameterization of land surface heterogeneity Modifications implemented in COSMO v4.8 Documentation has been adapted Still bugs in current code Not all branches/options of the COSMO code have been updated (e.g. multi-layers snow model, recent soil model developments)

45 COSMO GM, PP COLOBOC / Moscow, September 2010 Review – COLOBOC, task 7 Proposal for extension (J.Helmert/DWD, A.Mazur/IMGW) (1.0 FTE) Implement tile approach (%) Full support of tile and mosaic in official COSMO code Impact studies (e.g. tile with nature/urban/lake/sea, mosaic for partial snow in complex topo)

Account for non-linear effects of sub-grid inhomegeneities at surface on the exchange of energy and moisture between atmosphere and surface (cf. Ament&Simmer, 2006) mosaic approach surface divided in N subgrid cells tile approach N dominant classes (e.g. water, snow, grass) (Figure taken from Ament&Simmer, 2006) Objective

Coupling of coarse atmosphere and high resolution surface E.g. Latent Heat Flux for one patch : atmospheric variables surface variables Grid box average Objective

MOSAIC versus TILE approach preference for tile approach (Figure taken from Ament, 2006) Options of TILE & MOSAIC

Implemention of tile approach requires: development and implementation of corresponding extensions in external parameter software (i.e. landuse dependend parameters for a no. of dominant classes within each atmospheric grid cell) code structure to support multiple ‚soil columns‘ within each grid cell (TERRA adaptions in COLOBOC) physics interface routine or multi-layer soil model, which controls the computation over (flexible) number of classes within each cell and performs necessary aggregation (&disaggregation) suitable diagnostics (within soil model) to allow proper validation of tile scheme a computationally efficient and flexible implementation (vectorisation?) Implications for NWP

AROME (SURFEX) 4 tiles: nature, town, sea, inland water Nature: ISBA 3L (Boone et al 1999) 1L snow scheme (Douville, 1995) Town Sea, inland water: constant T_s, Charnock formula UM (Jules) 9 tiles, 5 veg + 4 non-veg Broadleaf and needleleaf trees, temperate and tropical grasses, Shrubs, urban, inland water, bare soil, land ice. IFS (HTESSEL) 6 land-surface tiles High vegetation, low vegetation, interception reservoir, bare ground, snow on ground and low vegetation, Snow under high vegetation Implications for NWP

51 COSMO GM, PP COLOBOC / Moscow, September 2010 Summary Task 0 [EXTENDED]: Consolidate data exchange action (SRNWP) Task 1 [FINISHED, ]: Externalized TERRA module Task 2 [FINISHED, ]: Software for external parameters (incl. GRIB output, web access) Task 3 [FINISHED, ]: Consolidated raw data sets, new external parameters [EXTENDED]: Further improvements and extensions Task 4 [DELAYED, ]: Recommended configuration of TERRA and look-up tables [EXTENDED]: Additional improvements of TERRA (interception, surface runoff) Task 5.1 [DELAYED, ]: Tested multi-layers snow model [EXTENDED] : Fresh snow density, snow in forest, partial snow cover Task 5.2 [DELAYED, ]: Snow analysis (incl. altitudinal interpolation) [EXTENDED] : Adapt for multi-layers snow model Task 6 [FINISHED, ]: Urban module available Task 7 [DELAYED, ]: Parameterization of land surface heterogeneity

52 COSMO GM, PP COLOBOC / Moscow, September 2010 COSMO GM Offenbach | postprocessing tool Thank you for your attention!