Make Predictions Think about your body. List the functions that your body must be able to perform in order for you to survive. Process Box

Cells are small! Most cells are about 1/500 the size of a period. Almost all cells are too small to see without the aid of a microscope. However the invention of the compound microscopes didn’t come until the late 1500’s Compound microscopes contain 2 or more lenses Total magnification is the product of the magnifying power of each individual lens

Discovery of Cells In 1665 Robert Hooke used a 3-lens compound microscope to examine thin slices of cork. He observed that cork is made of tiny, hollow compartments. He gave them the name “cells” Hooke was only looking at cell walls & empty space.

Discovery of Cells, cont. Anton van Leeuwenhoek was studying new lens-making methods to examine cloth. This resulted in powerful single-lens microscopes In 1674 he observed living single-celled organisms swimming in pond water Named these cells: “animalcules”

Discovery of Cells, cont. Microscopes and lens-design continued to advance, which led to greater magnification This led more people to make more observations on more organisms. They saw a wide variety of cells, shapes, & cells dividing Led to the questions: “Is all living matter made of cells?”, & “Where do cells come from?”

Cell Theory In 1838 Matthias Schleiden proposed that plants are made of cells. Theodor Schwann was studying animal cells Schwann was struck by similarities between plant & animal cells, concluded all animals are made of cells. In 1839 he proposed the 1 st part of cell theory: All living things are made of cells & cell products

Cell Theory, cont. Schwann stated that cells form spontaneously by free-cell formation. This led scientists to study the process of cell division They concluded part of Schwann’s theory was wrong In 1855 Rudolf Virchow, reported all cells come from preexisting cells

_____________ HOOKE The first to ____________ cells. Responsible for ____________ them _____________ LEEUWENHOEK SCHLEIDENSCHWANNVIRCHOW Made better ______________ and observed cells in greater ______________. First to observe ______________ The first to note that _____________ were made up of ___________ Concluded that all ___________ ___________ were made up of ___________ Proposed that all cells come from ____________ __________ IDENTIFY NAMING LENSES DETAIL NUCLEUS PLANTS CELLS LIVING THINGS CELLS OTHER CELLS CORKANIMALCULES Cell Theory

1.___________________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________________ ALL ORGANISMS ARE MADE OF CELLS THE CELL IS THE MOST BASIC UNIT OF LIFE. ALL EXISTING CELLS ARE PRODUCED BY OTHER LIVING CELLS

Who is “The Man’ After hearing about the Cell Theory, and the history of its development, which one scientist do you feel influenced the Cell Theory most and why? Process Box

Categories of Cells

Prokaryotes Prokaryotic cells do not have a __________ No membrane-bound _______________ ___________is suspended within cytoplasm Are microscopic, ____________organisms NUCLEUS ORGANELLES DNA SINGLE-CELLED

Eukaryotes Have a ______________ Contain membrane-bound _____________ The nucleus encloses the ___________ May be ___________ or ______________ NUCLEUS ORGANELLES DNA MULTI-CELLULAR SINGLE-CELLULAR

Categories of Cells

EUKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________

SECTION 3.1 REVIEW 1.How did improvements in the microscope help scientists form cell theory? 2.How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ? 3.Today, scientists can study human cells growing in petri dishes. Explain how this technique builds on the work of early scientists. 4. In what ways are cells similar to atoms? The microscope enabled the scientists to first ‘SEE’ the cells so they could be studied further. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or organelles. Eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus and organelles. The fact that scientists can grow cells in petri dishes is because they recognize that cells come from other cells. Both have a nucleus.

_______________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ The outer most side of an animal cell, that gives the cell shape and holds in cytoplasm. (Also contains pores to allow some particles to move in and out of the cell.) CELL MEMBRANE

____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ The clear, jellylike material between the cell membrane and the nucleus that makes up most of the cell (Most of all cell activity occurs here.) CYTOPLASM _______________

___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ __________________________________ _______________ The control center of the cell. Parts of the Nucleus: Nuclear Membrane: The membrane that surrounds the nucleus. Nuclear Pores: allow some particles to move in and out of the nucleus Nucleolus Chromosomes NUCLEUS

_______________ _______________ The membrane that surrounds the nucleus. ________________________________________ NUCLEAR MEMBRANE NUCLEAR PORES Nuclear Membrane in Green

__________________________________________ _______________ Thread-like cell parts with information that determines what traits a living thing will have. CHROMOSOMES Chromosomes in Red

_______________ HELPS MAKE RIBOSOMES. ________________________________________ NUCLEOLUS

INTERPRETING DIAGRAMS How can you tell the difference between the locations of the cell membrane compared to the nuclear membrane? How can you tell the difference between the locations of the nucleus compared to the nucleolus? Process Box:

__________________________________________________________________________ Responsible for supplying ENERGY to the cell. ____________ MITOCHONDRIA

____________________________________________ Helps digest, (break down), waste materials of cell. ____________ LYSOSOMES

______________ _______________________________________ GOLGI APPARATUS Packages materials for the cell. Animation

_______________ ___________________________________________________ _____________________________________ ____________________________________________ Moves cell materials from cell membrane to nuclear membrane and visa versa. (Can usually find ribosomes on this network.) ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

_______________ MAKES PROTEINS FOR THE BODY. FOUND ON ENDOPLASMICE RETICULUM AND THROUGHOUT CYTOPLASM RIBOSOMES _____________________________________ ____________________________________________________ _________________________________________

____________________________________________ Parts of an ANIMAL cell that help with cell REPRODUCTION

____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _______________________________________ Stores food and water for cell ________ VACUOLE ANIMAL CELLPLANT CELL Contains many small vacuolesContains one large “central vacuole that takes up most of the space inside of a plant cell

Cell Comparison Study the cells on the board, what characteristics sets the two types of cells apart? Process Box:

______ _________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ The outer most side of an plant cell, (surrounds the cell membrane), that gives the cell structure, and a specific shape. (More rigid than cell membrane.) CELL WALL

____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ The plant cell parts that contain the green pigment, chlorophyll, which are responsible for producing food. CHLOROPLASTS______________________ Inner life of cell

Plant Cells There are four distinct differences between plant cells and animal cells. List each difference and describe how its role and/or how it differs from animal cells. Process Box:

Label the organelles of this animal cell. 1._________________ 2._________________ 3._________________ 4._________________ 5._________________ 6._________________ 7._________________ 8._________________ 9._________________ 10._________________ 11._________________ 12._________________ 13._________________ 1.NUCLEOLUS 2.NUCLEUS 3.RIBOSOMES 4.VESICLE 5.ROUGH ER 6.GOLGI BODIES 7.CELL MEMBRANE 8.SMOOTH ER 9.MITOCHONDRIA 10.VACUOLE 11.CYTOPLASM 12.LYSOSOME 13.CENTRIOLES

1. ____________ 2. ____________ 3. ____________ 4. ____________ 5. ____________ 6. ____________ 7. ____________ 8. ____________

1._____________ 2._____________ 3._____________ 4._____________ 5._________ 7.________ 8._____________ 9._____________ 11.___________ 6._________ 10.___________ 12._______ 12.__________

3._________ 2.____________ 1.____________ 4._________ 5._________ 6._________ 7._________ 8._________ 9._________ 10.___________ 11.___________12.___________

1._____________ 2._________________ 3.__________ 4.______________ 5.______________ 6.________________ 7._________________

10.____________ 9.____________ 8.____________ 7.____________ 6._____________ 5._____________ 4.____________ 3.____________ 2.____________ 1._____________

1._______________ 3._______________ 4.______________ 5._______________ 6._______________ 7._______________ 8._______________ 2._______________

1.__________________ 2.__________________ 3.__________________ 4.__________________ 5.__________________ 6.__________________ 7.__________________ 8.__________________ 9.__________________ 10.__________________ 11.__________________ 12.__________________

1. _________ 2. ____________ 3. _______________ 4. ______________________ 5. ______________________ 6. ______________________ 7. ______________________ 8. ______________________ 9._____________________ 11._____________________ 10.___________

1. _____________ 2. _____________ 3. _____________ 4. _____________ 5. _____________ 6. ________________ 7. _____________ 8. _____________ 9. _____________ 10. _____________ 11. _____________ 12. _____________

1. ____________________ 2. ____________________ 3. ____________________ 4. ____________________ 5. ____________________ 6. ____________________ 7. ____________________ 8. ____________________ 9. ____________________ 10. ____________ 11. __________

1. ____________________2. ____________________ 3. ____________________ 4. ____________________ 5. ____________________ 6. ____________________ 7. ____________________ 8. ____________________ 9. ____________________ 10. ____________________

Assessment Anchor Homeostasis and Transport Identify and describe the cell structures involved in transport of materials into, out of, and throughout a cell. –Describe how the structure of the plasma membrane allows it to function as a regulatory structure and/or protective barrier for a cell –Compare the mechanisms that transport materials across the plasma membrane, (i.e., passive transport-diffusion, osmosis, facilitate diffusion; and active transport-pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis. –Describe how membrane-bound cellular organelles (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus) facilitate the transport of materials within a cell. Explain mechanisms that permit organisms to maintain biological balance between their internal and external environments. –Explain how organisms maintain homeostasis (e.g., thermoregulation, water regulation, oxygen regulation).

KEY CONCEPT Materials move across membranes because of concentration differences. 3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis

Passive transport - does not require energy input from a cell. Molecules can move across the cell membrane through passive transport. There are two types of passive transport. osmosis diffusion 3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis

Osmosis - is the diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane. Diffusion – movement of a substance from where there is a large amount to where there is a small amount 3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis

There are three types of solutions. isotonic – concentrations are equal 3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis Hypotonic – solution has fewer solutes than a cell, cell expands and may burst hypertonic – solution has more solutes than a cell, cell shrivels and dies hypertonic hypotonic

Some molecules can only diffuse through transport proteins. Some molecules cannot easily diffuse across the cell membrane. Facilitated diffusion - diffusion through transport proteins. 3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis

Active transport - Cells use energy to transport materials that cannot diffuse across a membrane. 3.5 Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis

A cell can import and export large materials or large amounts of material in vesicles during the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis. Cells use energy to transport material in vesicles. Exocytosis - the process of expelling material from inside the cell to outside the cell. Endocytosis - the process of taking material into the cell Phagocytosis - a type of endocytosis 3.5 Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis

Tissues - groups of cells that perform a similar function.Tissues - groups of cells that perform a similar function. Organs - groups of tissues that perform a specific or related function.Organs - groups of tissues that perform a specific or related function. Organ systems - groups of organs that carry out similar functions.Organ systems - groups of organs that carry out similar functions. CELLTISSUEORGAN vascular tissue leaf stem lateral roots primary root SYSTEMS root system shoot system

1.___________________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________________ ALL ORGANISMS ARE MADE OF CELLS THE CELL IS THE MOST BASIC UNIT OF LIFE. ALL EXISTING CELLS ARE PRODUCED BY OTHER LIVING CELLS