Physics of Animation (Art/Physics 123) Prof. Alejandro Garcia Spring 2012

My Contact Info Office:Science Bldg. Room 245 Office Phone: (408) Office Hours: Tues / Thurs 3:00-5:00pm Also available by appointment. WWW: Course website:

Course Website ArtPhysics123.pbworks.com

Course Overview Physics of Animation is an introduction to the principles and concepts of physics relevant to animation and special effects. Course Outline Basic Animation Character Animation Effects Animation Lighting and Rendering

Prerequisites Physics of Animation is an Area R course for SJSU Studies (upper-division GE) Course prerequisites are completion of core GE, satisfaction of WST, and upper division standing. For students who begin continuous enrollment Fall 2005 or later, courses used to satisfy Areas R, S, and V must be taken from three separate SJSU departments or other distinct academic units. Note that these prerequisites apply to any "SJSU Studies" course

Who Should Take This Course? This course is most interesting for: Animation / Illustration art majors (ideally concurrent with Ani 114); Film majors; non-science majors interested in animation and special-effects. This course is less interesting for: Science and engineering majors will probably not find this course to be interesting because they cover the same physics in their required courses.

Grades Two Term Papers (100 points each) Homework (200 points) Class Participation (50 points) Final Exam (50 points) There will also be several opportunities for extra credit. PointsGrade 500 – 401A 400 – 301B 300 – 201C 200 – 101D 100 – 0F

Extra Credit Opportunity Visit “Renegade Humor” exhibition at the San Jose Museum of Art. Exhibition opens on February 3 rd Turn in proof of your visit (ticket receipt or photos) for 5 points extra credit. For info:

Homework Homework will be assigned weekly; see course website for the schedule. Assignments will include: Shooting video reference; analyzing video using tracking software; creating stop- motion animation; and working with computer animation programs. You will “turn in” your homework by uploading it to your personal blog.

First Homework Assignment Your first assignment is to set up a personal blog for this course. You may use any system you prefer but I recommend using Blogger or Tumblr. If you already have a personal blog then set up a separate blog exclusively for this course.

First Homework Assignment Please use your real name on the blog. It will also be helpful to me if you include a recognizable photo of yourself in your profile. This course blog will mainly be used for posting your homework assignments but you can also post other comments. It's your blog. You are encouraged to read each others blogs, especially if you give each other helpful comments and advice.

First Homework Assignment Once your blog has been set up, create a post entitled "The First Post"; write anything in that first post, it's just a place holder showing me that you're able to use the blog. When your blog is set up, send me an with the link. 5 points (Double points if you complete this assignment by midnight tonight.)

Special Topics Textbook / Supplies No textbook. Need a digital camera that can shoot video for homework. Also need a computer on which you can install programs. Disabilities Contact me if you’ve any special needs. Emergencies If we need to leave the room, please take your stuff with you.

Cheating Don’t.

Demos Frequent in-class demos to illustrate physics and animation concepts. Welcome volunteers Safety comes first No magic tricks, just physics

Class Demo: Vampire Stake

Introduction to Animation Three basic types of animation: Traditional Computer Stop-motion

Animated Feature Films Four of the top 10 films (worldwide gross) of 2011 were animated feature films. Kung Fu Panda 2 grossed over $660 million (worldwide) #4 #7 #8 #10

Live-Action Films Animation is also important in creating special effects for live action films. Top three grossing movies of 2011 (worldwide)

Compositing Animation is blended into live action films by compositing, which combines two or more separate images into a frame of film. For example, all the green pixels in the left image are replaced with a computer-generated weather map.

Sin City (2005)

King Kong Animation compositing has advanced enormously from the original King Kong to the remakes

Diversity in Animation Animation is more than just Hollywood CG blockbusters

Video Games The gaming industry is even bigger than Hollywood and animation is very important. Modern Warfare 3 grossed $400 million in first 24 hours.

Good Animation is Hard Even with modern software tools it is difficult to create high quality animation. Something as simple as a bouncing ball isn’t easy to animate believably.

Simple Ball Bounce Animation This is an example of a good ball bounce animation.

Rotoscoping Scene is filmed and animators trace the images. Used when the motion is too difficult for animators to capture effectively. Patent drawing for Max Fleischer's original rotoscope (1915). Animation is hard so producers have tried alternatives, such as rotoscoping.

Rotoscoping in Films Rotoscoped animation is very noticeable so typically it’s used sparingly in films. Rotoscope painters in modern films are mainly used to “white out” elements in a frame so that CG animation can be composited in. A Scanner Darkly (2006) Cinderella (1950)

Waking Life (2001)

Motion Capture (MoCap) Motion capture is a modern tool in animation. Scene is acted out and data from sensor points is used to assist in creating computer graphics images. Beowulf (2007)

ILM’s motion capture system (iMoCap) was developed for the characters in the Pirates of the Caribbean sequel, Dead Man’s Chest. Motion capture technology continues to advance because directors want to capture actors’ performances. In-Camera Motion Capture (iMoCap)

Facial Animation in Avatar

Good News, Bad News Although rotoscoping and motion capture are useful for things like facial animation, they simply can’t match the work of a good animator. That’s the good news. Creating good animation is hard! That’s the bad news. How could it be made easier and better?

Physics and Animation To create realistic animations, animators need to understand principles of mechanics.

Real World & Animated World Understanding the real world helps in creating interesting animated worlds. "Animation follows the laws of physics — unless it is funnier otherwise.“ Art Babbitt, Disney animator, director, and creator of Goofy

NSF Science Nation Click to Play

Physics Engines Animation and gaming software, such as Maya, have physics “engines” that can be used to compute motion. Easier to use these software tools knowing physics.

Four ‘A’s of Animation In his book, Animation, The Mechanics of Motion, Chris Webster lists the following four levels for animated motion: Activity (arbitrary movement) Action (physical motion) Animation (purposeful motion) Acting (motion with personality) These categories are best understood by considering specific examples.

Activity (Level 1) Opening sequence in Star War’s movies is an example of activity, the first level of animated motion. The motion is arbitrary, without constraint of physical laws.

“Activity” (Level 1) Example

Action (Level 2) Action is the level of animation when objects move according to physical laws, such as a falling brick or a waving flag. A good “drop test” has this level of animation.

“Action” (Level 2) Example

Animation (Level 3) At the Animation level the motion not only follows the physical laws but is also intentional, such as a bird flapping its wings or a human jumping. A walk cycle or a jump test are at this level.

“Animation” (Level 3) Example

Acting (Level 4) At this highest level, Acting, not only is the motion intentional but it also conveys personality. CuriositySurprisePanic

“Acting” (Level 4) Example

Four ‘A’s of Animation (again) 1 - Activity (arbitrary movement) 2 - Action (physical motion) 3 - Animation (purposeful motion) 4 - Acting (motion with personality) Understanding physics helps animators achieve the second and third levels. The highest level, “Acting”, cannot be achieved without first creating animated motion that’s believable.

Next Lecture Physics of Falling By Tuesday: Complete the 1 st homework (Create a personal blog for the course)