Concepts of Engineering and Technology BIOTECHNOLOGY Science, Technology, and Ethics Mr. McClean Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

What is BioEngineering? Bioengineering is the “biological or medical application of engineering principles or engineering equipment – also called biomedical engineering.”

Bioengineering as a defined field is relatively new, although attempts to solve biological problems have persisted throughout history. Recently, the practice of bioengineering has expanded beyond large- scale efforts like prosthetics and hospital equipment to include engineering at the molecular and cellular level – with applications in energy and the environment as well as healthcare. Bioengineering as a defined field is relatively new, although attempts to solve biological problems have persisted throughout history. Recently, the practice of bioengineering has expanded beyond large- scale efforts like prosthetics and hospital equipment to include engineering at the molecular and cellular level – with applications in energy and the environment as well as healthcare. A very broad area of study, bioengineering can include elements of electrical and mechanical engineering, computer science, materials, chemistry and biology. This breadth allows students and faculty to specialize in their areas of interest and collaborate widely with researchers in allied fields. A very broad area of study, bioengineering can include elements of electrical and mechanical engineering, computer science, materials, chemistry and biology. This breadth allows students and faculty to specialize in their areas of interest and collaborate widely with researchers in allied fields.

What is Biotechnology? The application of technology to the study or manipulation of living things. The application of technology to the study or manipulation of living things. Refers to techniques used by scientists to modify the genetic material of a microorganism, plant, or animal in order to achieve a desired trait. Refers to techniques used by scientists to modify the genetic material of a microorganism, plant, or animal in order to achieve a desired trait. Power to intervene in what might be thought of as 'the fabric of life'. Power to intervene in what might be thought of as 'the fabric of life'. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

We began growing crops and raising animals 10,000 years ago to provide a stable supply of food and clothing. We began growing crops and raising animals 10,000 years ago to provide a stable supply of food and clothing. We have used the biological processes of microorganisms for 6,000 years to make useful food products, such as bread and cheese, and to preserve dairy products. We have used the biological processes of microorganisms for 6,000 years to make useful food products, such as bread and cheese, and to preserve dairy products. In the last 40 years we’ve gone from practicing biotechnology at a macro level — breeding animals and crops, for example — to working with it at a micro level. In the last 40 years we’ve gone from practicing biotechnology at a macro level — breeding animals and crops, for example — to working with it at a micro level. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

What are the Major Fields in Bio? Genetic engineering Genetic engineering Environmental technology Environmental technology Ecology and environmental problems Ecology and environmental problems Bioremediation Bioremediation Crop and animal breeding Crop and animal breeding Medicine Medicine Diagnostics Diagnostics Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals Nutrition Nutrition Forensics Forensics Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

Categories Therapeutics : Products that treat diseases and the action of remedial agents. Products that treat diseases and the action of remedial agents. Treatment of cancer, diabetes, HIV/AIDS and autoimmune disorders. Treatment of cancer, diabetes, HIV/AIDS and autoimmune disorders. human insulin human insulin Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

Diagnostics : Products that test for the presence of various health or disease states. Products that test for the presence of various health or disease states. Examples include: Examples include: Cancers, Alzheimer’s disease, heart disease, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, AIDS and arthritis. Cancers, Alzheimer’s disease, heart disease, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, AIDS and arthritis. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

Agricultural : Products related to crop and livestock production, including genetic engineering, veterinary activities, and food processing: Products related to crop and livestock production, including genetic engineering, veterinary activities, and food processing: decreasing pesticide applications and improving soil and water quality providing healthful foods for consumers Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

BioRemediation: Bioremediation involves using biotechnology-designed organisms to clean up oil or other spills. Bioremediation involves using biotechnology-designed organisms to clean up oil or other spills. Researchers are creating new sources of energy and linking biotechnology with microelectronics and nanotechnology. Researchers are creating new sources of energy and linking biotechnology with microelectronics and nanotechnology. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

Fermentation Fermentation in food processing is the conversion of carbohydrates to alcohols and carbon dioxide or organic acids using yeasts and bacteria under anaerobic conditions. Fermentation usually implies that the action of microorganisms is desirable. The science of fermentation is also known as zymology or zymurgy. The term "fermentation" is sometimes used to specifically refer to the chemical conversion of sugars into ethanol, a process which is used to produce alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer, and cider. Natural fermentation precedes human history. Since ancient times, humans have been controlling the fermentation process. The earliest evidence of an alcoholic beverage, made from fruit, rice, and honey, dates from 7000–6600 BCE, in the Neolithic Chinese village of Jiahu, and winemaking dates from 6000 BC, in the Caucasus area. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

Genetic engineering The collection of techniques used to: isolate genes isolate genes modify genes so they function better modify genes so they function better prepare genes to be inserted into a new species prepare genes to be inserted into a new species stem cell research stem cell research Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

Ethical and Social Considerations Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

Different perspectives by regulators, animal rights activists, biomedical researchers and organ recipients Different perspectives by regulators, animal rights activists, biomedical researchers and organ recipients Heart transplants are as radically unnatural as gene transplants Heart transplants are as radically unnatural as gene transplants 'if we can do it, let's do it' 'if we can do it, let's do it' Public suspicion about the reliability and independence of 'expert' advice Public suspicion about the reliability and independence of 'expert' advice morality morality Long-term effects Long-term effects Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

Ethical Topics Whether human DNA should can be sold Whether human DNA should can be sold Stem cells Stem cells Animal research Animal research Organ donation Organ donation Xenotransplantation Xenotransplantation Cloning Cloning Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

Ethical Analysis 1. Formulation of the dilemma; 2. Finding out the possible options of action in this situation; 3. Assignment of the optional actions to values that are touched by the action and reflection of the consequences; 4. Taking a justified decision for one of the options of action in respect to the reflections in step 3; 5. Assignment of the decision taken to one of the two higher categories of argumentation; 6. Description and discussion of the consequences of the decision taken in step 4 for the individual and for the society. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

Student Research Report Teams Teams Determines length and quality Determines length and quality Pick a Scientific Topic that has an Ethical Dilemma Pick a Scientific Topic that has an Ethical Dilemma Ethical controversies Ethical controversies New or cutting edge technology New or cutting edge technology Historical figure or event Historical figure or event Subject of personal interest Subject of personal interest Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.