Early Civilization in China (中国): The Shang (尚) and Zhou (周) Dynasties (王朝) World History (历史)

What’s special about Chinese history? Why should Americans care? China – Longest “unbroken” history among world civilizations (at least 5,000 years) The history for at least 1 in every 5 people (20%) in the world today (USA = 4.5%) China likely to re-emerge with the world’s largest economy before 2025 China owned the world’s largest economy during 18 of the past 20 centuries (until the 1870s)

China’s Geography (中国地理 ) China’s first civilizations developed in river valleys (流域) Two major rivers supplied water for earliest civilizations 1. Chang Jiang (长江 ), also called Yangzi 2. Huang He (黄河), or Yellow River

The Huang He/Yellow River (黄河) Annual floods (洪水) deposited rich soil on flood plains (冲积平原) Valley of Huang He particularly fertile due to loess (黄土), a fine dusty soil carried into China by desert winds Also called the “River of Sorrows” (悲伤河)

Crops Southern China (中国南部)—warm, receives plenty of rainfall, excellent region for growing rice (水稻) Northern China (中国北方)—cooler and drier; suitable for grains, wheat (小麦), millet (粟)

Isolation (隔离) Relative isolation Mountains (山), desert (沙漠), and jungle (林) protected China from invasion

What geographic features influenced life in early China? Summarize What geographic features influenced life in early China? Why was China called the “middle kingdom”? Answer: Rivers deposited rich soil for farming; mountains, hills, and desert isolated the area.

Government (政府) and Society (社会) The Shang (尚) Dynasty (1600-1122 BC) China ruled by strong monarchy (国王) Loyal clan (氏族) leaders acted as the king’s governors and ruled distant parts of kingdom The king’s army prevented rebellions, fought outside opponents Most people were peasant farmers (农民) Government (政府) and Society (社会)

Ancestor (祖先)Worship Shang offered gifts to deceased ancestors to keep them happy in afterlife Steam from ritual meals nourished ancestors’ spirits Believed the universe was balanced between yin (陰 - stood for Earth, darkness, and female forces) and yang (陽 - stood for Heaven, light, and male forces)

Oracle Bones (甲骨) As part of worship, Shang asked ancestors for advice through use of oracle bones Inscribed bits of animal bone, turtle shell Living person asked question of ancestor Hot piece of metal applied to oracle bone resulting in cracks on bone’s surface Specially trained priests interpreted meaning of cracks to learn answer

Chinese Writing Oracle bones were the earliest form of writing in China. The characters eventually evolved into modern script.

Chinese Writing Chinese has thousands of characters- compared to 26 letters in the English alphabet. It takes knowledge of 5000-10000 characters even to read a newspaper!

Tones in the Chinese Language Every sound in Chinese can have four tones: 1st: flat 2nd: rising 3rd: scooping 4th: falling The tone can change the meaning of a word:

Shang Achievement and Decline Bronze (铜器) Shang religion led to great advances in working with bronze Highly decorative bronze vessels, objects created for religious rituals Also built huge structures like tombs Created calendar and money system End of Dynasty Armies from nearby tribe, Zhou, invaded, established new ruling dynasty

The Zhou (周)Dynasty (1027-256 BC) When Zhou conquered Shang, leaders worried Chinese people would not accept them Introduced idea they ruled by Mandate of Heaven (天命) Gods would support a just ruler and not allow anyone corrupt to hold power Government Zhou said Shang overthrown because they lost gods’ favor Later rulers used Mandate of Heaven to explain dynastic cycle, rise and fall of dynasties in China If dynasty lost power, it obviously had become corrupt Dynastic Cycle In that case, they said, it was the will of the gods that that dynasty be overthrown and a new one take power.

Zhou Achievements Zhou learned to use iron (鐵), became backbone of economy. Iron was strong, could be cast more cheaply, quickly than bronze. Iron weapons strengthened Zhou army, as did new weapons like catapult and creation of China’s first cavalry The Chinese learned to make silk, which became China’s most valuable export.

Zhou Achievements cont. The first books of China come from the Zhou period. They were written on strips of wood or bamboo. Example: Book of Songs, one of the first books.

Zhou Achievements, cont. Growth Population grew under Zhou Farmers learned new techniques, increased size of harvest, created food surpluses; cities also grew Roads, canals allowed better transportation, communication Introduced coins, use of chopsticks

“Warring States Period” (戰國) 403 BC to 221 BC, number of small states fought each other for land, power Zhou still nominally in charge, but power almost nonexistent by mid-200s BC Qin (秦), new dynasty, arose to bring end to Warring States Period, Zhou dynasty

How did China change under the Zhou? Analyze How did China change under the Zhou? Answer: iron technology, population grew, new farm techniques, more food, cities grew, roads and canals built, coins and chopsticks introduced