Chapter 1 Historical and Philosophical Foundations of Assessment Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

The Value of Testing Helps in deciding the placement and selection of individuals in business, industry, education Helps predict success in educational programs or job experiences Provides descriptive and diagnostic information Provides a picture of growth or change over time Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Purpose of the Assessment Process To obtain information about the client’s presenting problem To make an accurate diagnosis To determine the client’s goals for counseling To gather information to aid in the development of a treatment plan To gather information to aid in the development of an educational plan To gather baseline data to measure the client’s progress in counseling To determine a client’s suitability for a certain treatment program or modality To assess the effectiveness of an education/counseling program To carry out research studies Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Standardized vs. Nonstandardized Tests have specific directions for administration, specific instructions for the test taker, and specific scoring procedures have generally proven reliability, or consistency, of scores and validity, the ability of the test to measure what it is designed to measure examples: achievement tests, aptitude tests, intelligence tests, personality inventories, and interest inventories Nonstandardized tests: informally constructed tests without proven reliability or validity examples: interviews, observation, questionnaires, and second-hand information Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Competencies Required of Test Users Understand basic measurement concepts (reliability, validity, norms) Understand and evaluate test manuals and reports Follow procedures for administering, scoring, and interpreting tests Identify and locate sources of test information Understand the meaning of test scores Explain test results to test takers Know the legal and ethical guidelines related to testing Present test results in written form Understand technology in testing Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

History of Testing 1900 to 1940s: Jung Binet Thorndike 1914: Stern introduces the IQ, or intelligence quotient, the mental age divided by chronological age. Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test 1927: Strong Interest Inventory Rorschach Ink Blot Test Murray's Thematic Apperception Test Bender Gestalt Test Piaget's Origins of Intelligence Buros’s First Mental Measurements Yearbook Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

1940s: 1942 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 1949 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Armed services use of screening recruits Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

1950s to 1980: Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives Cattell’s theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence Use of computers in testing Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

1980s to 2000: revised editions of many tests examples: MMPI, Wechsler Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Today: High-stakes testing Demonstration of competencies Multiple-choice tests replaced by authentic and performance assessment Increased emphasis on testing in K-12 education Accountability for school and mental health counseling programs Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.