Encoding Getting the information in our heads!!!! How do you encode the info you read in our text?

Two ways to encode information Automatic Processing Effortful Processing

Automatic Processing Unconscious encoding of incidental information. Unconscious encoding of incidental information. You encode space, time and frequency without effort. You encode space, time and frequency without effort. Things can become automatic with practice. Things can become automatic with practice. For example: “You’re a jerk Bobby!” “Where’s my coat?” Going to your friends house…

Effortful Processing Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. Rehearsal is the most common effortful processing technique. Rehearsal is the most common effortful processing technique. Through enough rehearsal, what was effortful becomes automatic. Through enough rehearsal, what was effortful becomes automatic.

Things to remember about Encoding 1.The next-In-Line effect: we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next. 2.Information minutes before sleep 1. is seldom remembered; 2.in the hour before sleep, well remembered. 3.Taped info played while asleep? registered by ears, but we do not remember it.

Spacing Effect We encode better when we study or practice in increments over time. We encode better when we study or practice in increments over time. DO NOT CRAM!!!!! DO NOT CRAM!!!!!

List the U.S. Presidents Take out a piece of paper and….

The Presidents WashingtonTaylorHarrisonEisenhower J.AdamsFillmoreClevelandKennedy JeffersonPierceMcKinleyL.Johnson MadisonBuchananT.RooseveltNixon MonroeLincolnTaftFord JQ AdamsA.JohnsonWilsonCarter JacksonGrantHardingReagan Van BurenHayesCoolidgeBush HarrisonGarfieldHooverClinton TylerArthurFD.RooseveltBush Jr. PolkClevelandTrumanObama

Serial Positioning Effect Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. (serial position curve) If we graph an average person’s memory of the presidential list- it would probably look something like this. Presidents Recalled

Take 30 seconds to study the list of words below.  Table  Cloud  Tree  Shirt  Cat  Light  Chalk  Bench  Flower  Watch  Bat  Rug  Soap  pillow

Serial Positioning Effect Primacy Effect:  Tendency to remember words early in a list Recency Effect:  Tendency to remember last items on a list

Types of Encoding Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning, like the meaning of words Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words. Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images. Encoding exercise

Which type works best?

Self-Reference Effect An example of how we encode meaning very well. An example of how we encode meaning very well. We remember things when they relate to, or describe us. We remember things when they relate to, or describe us. Think of your 3 most memorable memories. Think of your 3 most memorable memories. How many are of you? How many are of you? Peg-word system

Encoding Strategies Mnemonic Devices: Any learning technique that aids memory  use imagery, semantics to remember… Links to examples of mnemonic devices. Acronyms:  Mars, Venus, Earth, Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto. " Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums." ….

Mnemonic Devices Peg Word System One- bun Two- shoe Three- tree Four- on the floor…. List: bologna, windex, razor blades, butter… Weave a story matching each to a number…

Chunking  Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.  Often it will occur automatically. Chunk- from Goonies Do these numbers mean anything to you? 1492, 1776, 1812, 1941 how about now?

Chunking 1,3 and 5 make little sense to us. But when we chunk the characters differently (2,4,6) they become easy to remember.

Key Word System… TermKey WordMental Picture Broca’s AreaTom Brokaw News cast (talking) Parietal Lobeparent parent touching your cheek AmygdalaArmageddon good vs evil (aggression, fear) Hippocampus ?????????

Loci (Location) 500 BC.- Simonides  Imagine location (house)  Each item in list in specific location  Example (Grocery List) Coffee in microwave Coffee in microwave Bread in toaster Bread in toaster Dog food in food bowl in kitchen Dog food in food bowl in kitchen Vacuum bags on living room rug Vacuum bags on living room rug Dust polish on dining room table Dust polish on dining room table

Peg, key word, chunking, loci (60 seconds) Ham Ham Pencil Pencil turkey turkey pen pen Check book Check book detergent detergent football football glasses glasses globe globe Brother Brother Laundry Laundry Map Map Scrabble Scrabble Jeopardy Jeopardy pizza pizza