W ARM - U P D EC 2, DAYS UNTIL S ANTA COMES Why do we Classify organisms? What is cladogram? And describe what it shows us? What is a common ancestor? Describe 3 different ways scientists can prove common ancestry between a cat and a dog

B ACTERIA AND V IRUSES Biology- Classification Miss. Schwippert

B ACTERIA Eubacteria Largest Kingdom Live Everywhere Have cell wall made of peptidoglycan Some have second membrane Spores Look similar and lack nuclei Have cell wall but NO peptidoglygan and have a different lipid DNA show relation to eukaryotes Live in VERY harsh environments HOT, Salty, No Oxygen EubacteriaArchaebacteria

I DENTIFY BY SHAPE Bacilli= Rod Cocci= Spherical Spiralla= Spiral

C ELL WALL Gram staining Gram Positive- has peptidoglycan cell wall Will turn violet Gram Negative- no peptioglycan cell wall Will be a lighter color (pink)

M OVEMENT Some don’t move Some have Flagella Cilia or Pili

G ROWTH AND R EPRODUCTION Most reproduce very rapidly Some reproduce every 20 mins In 48 hours there would be over 4000 times the amount of bacteria that we started with Binary fission- Asexual Conjugation- transfer DNA Spore Formation- (endosprore) enclose DNA in a thick protein coating- will protect DNA from the environment

I MPORTANCE TO H UMANS Decomposers- will break down dead organisms Clean sewage Eat dead tissue Nitrogen fixation Will take N2gas and make NH3 a compound plants and animals can use Human use- In stomach- help make vitamins (biotin and Vit K) Digest petroleum Clean water pollution

V IRUS - L ATIN = “ POISON ” Have nucleic acids, protein, and come have lipids But they ARE NOT living Core = RNA or DNA that is surrounded by protein coat Will bind to a receptor on the host and infect their DNA into the host

V IRUSES - N OT LIVING Reproduction- only with a host cell Genetic code- DNA or RNA Growth/ development- NO Obtain and use energy- NO Response to environment- NO Change overtime- Yes Asexual or sexual DNA Yes Virus Living Cell

L YTIC C YCLE Make copies of itself and infect host cell Cell cannot tell the difference between virus’ DNA and its own Will transcribe and translate viral DNA Viral DNA and protein will eventually chop and KILL the host cell Only after hundred of copies of the virus was made MAhr0YY

L YSOGENIC Will integrate itself into the host DNA Will remain dormant for some time It will eventually replicate itself along with the host DNA Gt1axs lVhuhY

How a virus works

W ARM U P What type of life cycle is the flu? What type of life cycle is HIV?

V ACCINES Resembles disease causing agent Made from weakened or dead microbe Stimulates immune system and creates memory cells

A CTIVE IMMUNITY Production if antibodies by and organism after an encounter Natural- Due to infection Artificial- Vaccination

P ASSIVE I MMUNITY Acquisition if antibodies from another organism Natural- pass from mother to child during placenta or breast milk Artificial- Immune serum or antivenom