1 Black and White Photography

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3 Film Rewind This allows the exposed 35mm film to be rewound back into its cartridge. Lens The picture is formed and focused through the lens onto the film. Aperture This is basically a ‘hole’ through which light is passed by the lens onto the film. Mirror The mirror reflects the image the lens is ‘seeing’ up and through the pentaprism so the photographer can view the image prior to releasing the shutter. When the shutter is released, the mirror swings out of the way. Shutter The shutter allows light from the lens to hit the film thus exposing the film. The length of time the shutter is open depends on the setting selected by the shutter speed control (see below).

4 Self Timer A self timer allows the photographer to set up the shot, and still be in the final image by releasing the shutter after a pre-determined time. Shutter Release Opens the shutter for the duration specified by the shutter speed control (see below) Film Advance This lever (or wheel in some cases) advances or winds the film onto the next unexposed frame in the film. Shutter Speed Control This sets the length of time that the shutter is open for. Viewfinder This allows the photographer to view the image presented through the pentaprism.

5 CAMERA BASICS These basics are common to ALL cameras: F-Stop F-Stop Shutter Speed Shutter Speed Film Speed Film Speed

6 CAMERA BASICS F-Stop (how much light is seen, how much the aperture is open) Shutter Speed (how long the light is seen in the aperture) FILM SPEED (how fast the film itself responds to this light)

7 F-STOP HOW MUCH LIGHT IS SEEN Sometimes known as ‘aperture’ Sometimes known as ‘aperture’ Ranges from about 1.8 to 32 Ranges from about 1.8 to 32 A higher number (i.e. 32) means less light is ‘seen’. A higher number (i.e. 32) means less light is ‘seen’. A lower number (i.e. 1.8) means more light is ‘seen’. A lower number (i.e. 1.8) means more light is ‘seen’.

8 F-STOP HIGHER F-stop (i.e. 32) ADVANTAGES Increased depth of field, i.e. image background is not blurry Increased depth of field, i.e. image background is not blurryDISADVANTAGES Needs more light, i.e. slower shutter speed. Needs more light, i.e. slower shutter speed.

9 F-STOP LOWER F-STOP (i.e. F1.8) ADVANTAGES Lets plenty of light in! Better to use in darker settings. Lets plenty of light in! Better to use in darker settings. Less blurry since faster shutter speed may be needed to compensate for more light. Less blurry since faster shutter speed may be needed to compensate for more light.DISADVANTAGES No depth of field, i.e. background of image likely out of focus. No depth of field, i.e. background of image likely out of focus.

10 F-STOP IMPACT Low F-stopHigh F-stop

11 SHUTTER SPEED MEASURES HOW LONG LIGHT IS LET INTO THE FILM/CAMERA Common values include ½ sec, 1/8 second, 1/1000 second etc Common values include ½ sec, 1/8 second, 1/1000 second etc Shorter time means less time for light to get into the camera Shorter time means less time for light to get into the camera Shorter time reduces blurriness Shorter time reduces blurriness

12 SHUTTER SPEED FASTER SPEED ADVANTAGES Reduces blurriness as image is ‘seen’ only briefly – great for sports events. Reduces blurriness as image is ‘seen’ only briefly – great for sports events.DISADVANTAGES Less time for light to enter camera Less time for light to enter camera Requires bright conditions Requires bright conditions

13 SHUTTER SPEED SLOWER SPEED ADVANTAGES Great for darker conditions (more time for light to enter the camera) Great for darker conditions (more time for light to enter the camera)DISADVANTAGES Increased chance of blurriness Increased chance of blurriness Often requires a tripod be used for steadiness. Often requires a tripod be used for steadiness.

14 Shutter Speed=1/15 of a Second

15 Shutter Speed=1/150 of a second

16 FILM SPEED Traditional cameras use film of different sensitivities. It is measured by its ISO number, i.e. 64, Traditional cameras use film of different sensitivities. It is measured by its ISO number, i.e. 64, Slower speed (i.e. 64) is good for enlarging but requires bright light and/or slow shutter speed and/or lower F-stop. Slower speed (i.e. 64) is good for enlarging but requires bright light and/or slow shutter speed and/or lower F-stop. Faster Film (i.e. 400) is poor for enlarging but needs less light and thus good for indoor photography. Faster Film (i.e. 400) is poor for enlarging but needs less light and thus good for indoor photography. Digital Cameras do not use film per se. They use a technology called CCD (Charge Coupled Device) which senses images. Digital Cameras do not use film per se. They use a technology called CCD (Charge Coupled Device) which senses images.

17 TIPS ON TAKING PHOTOS Be aware of ‘backlighting’, i.e. a bright background will make your subject appear ‘dark’.Be aware of ‘backlighting’, i.e. a bright background will make your subject appear ‘dark’. Best to have the light on the subject from behind you for proper lighting.Best to have the light on the subject from behind you for proper lighting. Take photos in early morning/late afternoon for dramatic shadows.Take photos in early morning/late afternoon for dramatic shadows. Frame your subject in the viewfinder and use the ‘rule of thirds’ when framing your subject. See the next slide.Frame your subject in the viewfinder and use the ‘rule of thirds’ when framing your subject. See the next slide.