Revolution and Nationalism China, India and Russia

China

Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule  Early 1900s  Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) Leader Sun Yixian Overthrew Qing dynasty

Shaky Start for New Republic  Sun- president of new Republic of China  Wanted to establish modern government based on Nationalism People’s rights- democracy People’s livelihood  Turned power over to Yuan Shikai

May Fourth Movement  China involved in WWI  China outraged  Protests in Beijing by students- Mao Zedong supported  Became a national movement Movement showed goal of establishing a strong, modern nation

The Communist Party in China  Kuomintang in southern China  Sun links with Communist party  Sun dies, Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) takes over Jiang feared Communists’ goal Clash Jiang became president of Nationalist Republic of China Civil war until 1949

Civil War Rages in China  Jiang made promises  Communist leader Mao Zedong developing strong following Mao envisioned taking revolution to people (country)

The Long March  1933 Jiang surrounded Communist mountain stronghold  Communists fled- outnumbered 6-1  Communists began 6,000 mile long journey  Civil war halted by Japanese invasion of Manchuria

INDIA

Nationalism in India  Indian nationalism growing since mid- 1800s  Two groups formed Indian National Congress 1885 Muslim League 1906 Hindus and Muslims once divided, now united

WWI Heightens Nationalism  Until WWI little interest in nationalism  1918 troops came home from war Expected self-rule, got nothing  Violent actions taken Rowlatt Act  Amristar Massacre

Gandhi’s Principles of Nonviolence  Mohandas K. Gandhi emerges as leader  Principle of satyagraha- civil disobedience Called Indians to refuse to buy British goods Boycott on British cloth Salt March  British arrested thousands

SALT MARCH

Great Britain Grants Indian Self- Rule  Britain passed Government of India Act Provided local self-government and limited democratic elections  India began moving towards full independence

RUSSIA

Russian Revolution  Revolution- 1917, problems prior  Cruel, oppressive czars created unrest  Alexander II- assassinated  Alexander III determined to strengthen Russia

Russian Czars  Alexander III  Nicholas II

Revolutionary Movement Grows  Rapid industrialization  New problems  Rising groups Mensheviks Bolsheviks  Lenin leader of Bolsheviks Fled Russia

Crises at Home and Abroad  Russo-Japanese War  Bloody Sunday- Revolution of 1905  WWI- Final Blow Unprepared economically and militarily Rasputin

March Revolution  Local protests led to uprisings  Forced czar to abdicate throne  Duma established provisional government  Continued to fight WWI Much unrest with this decision in Russia  Lenin returns to Russia in 1917

Bolshevik Revolution  Lenin and Bolsheviks take control  Bolshevik Red Guards stormed Winter Palace in Petrograd  Lenin established control Farmland given to peasants Factories given to workers

Lenin’s Opposition  White Army  Leon Trotsky commanded Red Army  US sent aid to help White Army  Red Army triumphed, crushing opposition

Lenin Restores Order  New Economic Policy (NEP)  Political Reforms Self-governing republics under central government named USSR New Capital- Moscow Bolsheviks renamed Communists