Conformity and resistance Week 14

Folk community “I have been expelled from the folk community”

The Nazi folk community More a notion than a reality Idea of an equal community of racial comrades Everyone’s participation Participatory violence Equality defined racially and socially Strong gender components; state interfering with family and private sphere Based on exclusion of those who did not fit in racially and biologically (“non-Aryans,” “asocials,” homosexuals, those sexually “deviant,” criminals, hereditary ill) Eugenics and later annihilation

Youth for the Führer ‘Co-ordination’ of education system ‘Politically unreliable’ teachers sacked. Curriculum brought into line with Nazi ideology. Youth Organizations: Deutsches Jungvolk (German Young People, DJ) – Boys aged Hitler Jugend (Hitler Youth) – Boys aged Jungmädelbund (League of Young Girls) – Girls aged Bund Deutscher Mädel (League of German Girls, BDM) – Girls aged

Highways and people’s car

Ernst Röhm, With Himmler and Daluege, 1933

Heinrich Himmler Reichsführer SS and Chief of Police SS LeibstandarteWaffen SSTotenkopfverbände Ordnungspolizei (order police) Municipal police Sipo Security Police (Heydrich) Kripo Criminal Police Gestapo Secret state police SD Security Service (Heydrich) Foreign intelligence Domestic intelligence Organization of the Nazi Police Apparatus (simplified)

Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler ( ) SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich ( )

Organization of the Reich Security Main Office

Headquarters of the RSHA and the Gestapo Today the site of the Topography of Terror

Concentration camps in Nazi Germany

Conformity

August Landmesser,

Resistance “I want you to know: there were no nameless heroes; it was people, who had names, faces, longing, and hopes, and therefore the pain of even the smallest among them was no lesser than of the first among those whose name we know. I want that they always stay close to you, as friends, as relatives, as yourselves.” Julius Fučík from prison, 1943

Else and Otto Hampel, executed April 1943

Landmesser and his family

Liselotte Herrmann,

Foreign relations At first calming other countries, pact with Poland Failed coup in Austria in 1934, turning the country into autocracy Saarland (1935), Rhineland (1936) Rapprochement with Italy: conflict in Ethiopia and Spain Berlin-Rome Axis, 1936: closing ranks with Mussolini Hossbach memorandum, Nov 1937 Japan becomes ally in 1937 Austria annexed in March 1938 Appeasement: Czechoslovakia broken up Sep 38, occupied March 39 Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, August 39 Attack on Poland and beginning of WWII, Sep 1, 1939 Operation Barbarossa: attack on the Soviet Union, June 1941