Chapter 13: Urban Patterns The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

Central Business Districts (CBD) Highly accessible

Central Business Districts (CBD) Highly accessible CBD Retail services Retailers with a high threshold –Department stores –1960s/1970s shift to malls Retailers with a high range –Infrequent patrons –also shift to malls –Now attract tourist shoppers Retailers serving downtown workers –small specialty shops –Business services in the CBD »Proximity to other professionals, government offices –Accessible to all types of workers –expanding

CBD of Charlotte, NC

Competition for land in the CBD High land costs Ex.: most expensive real estate in the world = Tokyo –Intensive land use Underground areas –Subways, loading docks, utility lines, pedways Skyscrapers –Chicago (Home Insurance Building) 1880s »Iron frame and elevators »Give cities distinctive character –“Vertical geography” nature of use changes as you go up »Retailers → professionals → residential

Competition for land in the CBD –Activities excluded from the CBD Lack of industry in the CBD –Once located near water access and piers »Waterfronts now used for recreation, tourism, retail –Now → m odern factories require large, one-story parcels of land Lack of residents in the CBD –once population centers (mansions, tenements) –Push and pull factors involved –Population returning (lofts, empty-nesters, proximity to nightlife culture, don’t care about schools, etc.) –CBDs outside North America Less dominated by commercial considerations. –More public use and higher population –restrictions to maintain character → tourism –Older buildings renovated

Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas? Models of urban structure –Are used to explain where people/services are distributed within metropolitan areas –Three original models, all developed in one city –Chicago Concentric zone model Sector model Multiple nuclei model

Concentric Zone Model

Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model (1923) CBD Zone of transition –Industry, poor quality housing, subdivided larger homes –Immigrants Zone of working class homes –Modest, stable –Multi-dwelling (two-flats, etc.) Zone of middle class homes –Single family, yards, garages –today’s bungalow belt Commuter zone –Upper/upper middle-class class –Today’s suburbs

Bid-rent Theory

Sector Model Figure 13-5

Hoyt’s Sector Model (1939) Sectors not rings develop –Certain sectors are more/less attractive Pattern builds on itself Therefore sectors radiating from center are created –Industry follows transportation routes –Lower class housing gravitates towards industrial sector

Multiple Nuclei Model

Harris/Ullman’s Multiple Nuclei Model (1945) Cities develop more than one center around which activities develop Certain land use activities are compatible or incompatible together. –Airports ↔ warehouses –Heavy Industry ≠ high class housing Draw Chgo on board using all three models.

Peripheral/Galactic Model Chauncy Harris adds ring highway (development of a “periphery”) to multiple nuclei model newer idea, car dependent, urban sprawl Decentralization of the CBD (development of the periphery) Edge cities surrounding the central city

Urban Realms Model Growth of suburbs –Autos and ring highways –New transportation corridors –Suburbs now more independent of CBD Suburban downtowns develop Los Angeles, Atlanta Edge cities

Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas? Geographic application of the models –Social area analysis Models can be used to show where different social groups live in the cities use census tracts –Criticism of the models Models may be too simple Models may be outdated (between WWI and WWII)

Applying the models outside North America European cities –In past, social segregation was vertical Poor in basements/attics –Wealthy live in inner city (different than US) follow sector radiating from center (like Hoyt model) –Poor Clustered on outskirts (high-rise apts. = “projects”) Avoids urban sprawl They don’t scare tourists

Income Distribution in the Paris Region

Griffin-Ford Latin American Cities wealthy push from center in an elite residential sector –“spine” develops to service needs of wealthy –Often along boulevard Zone of maturity –Middle-class, well-kept Zone of in situ accretion –Lower working class –Moving up or down Squatter settlements –Outside highway ring perifico –Ciudades perdades, favelas

Other non-Western urban models SE Asian Model –McGee (1967) Port is focus –Semi-periphery serving core CBD split into sep. clusters –Govt. zone –Western commercial zone –Alien commercial zone Dominated by Chinese Larger middle-class on outskirts

Other non-Western urban models Africa –Fastest growing cities –Difficult to model 3 CBDs –Old colonial Vertical development –informal/periodic Open air –Transitional Curbside single story Encircled by ethnic or mixed neighborhoods Mining and manufacturing sector Squatter settlements

Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges –Most significant = deteriorating housing Filtering = subdividing mansions into small apts. –Successive waves fo immigrants Redlining = refuse to loan money in certain areas –Illegal but difficult to enforce –Urban renewal Govt. removes blight → to developers/public agencies Public housing –Gentrification Middle-class renovate inner city housing –Vintage housing, proximity to work/cultural activities –Especially single or couples without children = don’t care about schools Alters ethnic patterns

Ethnic/Class Change in Chicago CBD pop. growing Gentrification –North lakefront Spreads north and west –South Loop –West Loop –Maxwell St./Pilsen Resembles 3 rd world pattern?

Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges? Inner-city social issues –The underclass An unending cycle of social and economic issues Homelessness –Culture of poverty

Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges? Inner-city economic issues –Eroding tax base Cities can either reduce services or raise taxes –Impact of the recession Housing market collapse

Intraregional migration in the United States Migration from “city” to suburban areas –“suburbanization” post WWII = spend, spend, spend = consumerism –Great Depression & WWII »increased savings but rationing –returning veterans = housing shortage = govt. programs »FHA = lower down payment, longer mortgages »GI Bill = low interest loans, education costs Automobiles –become ‘necessity’, highways built Baby Boom = space needed to raise children

Suburbanization Push Factors urban decay –redlining, etc. –1960s riots –bad schools The “other” –new immigrants, –African-Americans school desegregation busing urban political machines Pull factors suburban lifestyle –space (yards, green) –good schools –low crime –“American dream” or is it “homogeneity”?

Push Factors

Pull Factors

Intraregional Migration in the United States Figure 3-21

Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges? Urban expansion –Annexation –Defining urban settlements The city Urbanized areas Metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) –Metropolitan divisions –Micropolitan statistical areas

Annexation in Chicago Figure 13-19

City, Urbanized Area, and MSA of St. Louis Figure 13-20

Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges? Urban expansion –Local government fragmentation Council of government Consolidations of city and county governments Federations –Overlapping metropolitan areas

Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges? Peripheral model –Edge cities –Density gradient –Cost of suburban sprawl Suburban segregation –Residential segregation –Suburbanization of businesses

Density Gradient Figure 13-23

Suburban Stress Figure 13-25

Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges? Transportation and suburbanization –Motor vehicles More than 95 percent of all trips = made by car –Public transit Advantages of public transit –Transit travelers take up less space –Cheaper, less pollutant, and more energy efficient than an automobile –Suited to rapidly transport large number of people to small area Public transit in the United States –Used primarily for rush-hour commuting in and out of CBD –Small cities-minimal use –Most Americans prefer to commute by automobile

Subway and Tram Lines in Brussels, Belgium Figure 13-28

The End. Up next: Resource Issues