The Young Nation Should the new nation be 13 independent countries or is it one united country? Should the new nation be 13 independent countries or is it one united country?

“The Critical Period” The early years of the American Republic SOL 5a-d

America after the War New Political Ideas: - Greater power for the people Republic: Represent the Public

America after the War State Governments rule supreme State Governments rule supreme All States had a constitution (written law) All States had a constitution (written law)

America after the War: State Constitutions Checks and Balances” – to prevent a group from becoming too powerful (separation of powers)

Bill of Rights – Guaranteed the rights of people America after the War: State Constitutions

Expanded Voting Rights – Still only white men could vote America after the War: State Constitutions

Freedom of Religion – Separation of Church & State -Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (TJ wrote) America after the War: State Constitutions

The Articles of Confederation America’s 1st national government: The basic law of the country from 1781 until 1789, when it was replaced by the U.S. Constitution

What do you want the govt to do? What do you want the govt to do? You are a group of frontier settlers. During the last year the Indians on the frontier have raided your settlements killing several settlers, burning farms and homes, and stealing livestock. The Indians then escape into the woods across the borders of neighboring states or into unclaimed territory. You are a group of frontier settlers. During the last year the Indians on the frontier have raided your settlements killing several settlers, burning farms and homes, and stealing livestock. The Indians then escape into the woods across the borders of neighboring states or into unclaimed territory.

What do you want the govt to do? What do you want the govt to do? You are a group of merchants. During the war you built a prosperous trade business in the colonies. Now several states have begun to tax goods coming into their states. They even tax goods shipped through their states to other destinations. Your business is suffering. You have had to add the cost of the taxes to your price, making it impossible for you to compete with local merchants. You are a group of merchants. During the war you built a prosperous trade business in the colonies. Now several states have begun to tax goods coming into their states. They even tax goods shipped through their states to other destinations. Your business is suffering. You have had to add the cost of the taxes to your price, making it impossible for you to compete with local merchants.

What do you want the govt to do? What do you want the govt to do? You are a group of poor farmers. Since the end of the war the value of farm products has fallen. It is impossible for you to raise enough money to pay your mortgages and to buy supplies. There just does not seem to be enough money to go around. Some of your neighbors want to take up arms and raid the banks in the area. You are a group of poor farmers. Since the end of the war the value of farm products has fallen. It is impossible for you to raise enough money to pay your mortgages and to buy supplies. There just does not seem to be enough money to go around. Some of your neighbors want to take up arms and raid the banks in the area.

You are a group of wealthy citizens. Some states have begun to print more state money. You oppose this plan. The more money that is in circulation, the less your money is worth. You are a group of wealthy citizens. Some states have begun to print more state money. You oppose this plan. The more money that is in circulation, the less your money is worth. What do you want the govt to do? What do you want the govt to do?

Powers of the Articles of Confederation Powers of the Articles of Confederation Congress could: Congress could: –Raise armies Raise armiesRaise armies –Declare War –Sign treaties Congress could NOT: Congress could NOT: –Collect TaxesCollect Taxes –Control tradeControl trade –Enforce its own lawsEnforce its own laws –Settle disputes between states

Successes of the Articles of Confederation Treaty of Paris: ended the Revolutionary War. Northwest Ordinance (1785 & 1787):

Northwest Ordinance Land North & West of the Ohio River

Northwest Ordinance Established how territories became states Banned Slavery in Northwest Territories Sale of land to pay national debt & create public schools

Failure of the Articles 1) America had a huge debt: 2) Couldn’t stop fighting between states Couldn’t pay our bills Not United

Shays’s Rebellion Causes: Causes: Increased taxes Increased taxes Foreclosure on farms by banks Foreclosure on farms by banks Stirs memories of………..

England

Shays’s Rebellion Effects: Effects: –Convinces people of the need to Strengthen national government

Failure of the Articles Our Government was: Too Weak Almost impossible to change the laws It could NOT protect peoples rights to: Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

Think of something in your life that was generally a negative experience. Think of something in your life that was generally a negative experience. Did anything good come of it? Did anything good come of it?

What is a compromise? Why so important to the development of the United States? Why so important to the development of the United States?

Constitutional Convention (1787)  Philadelphia  All states except Rhode Island  George Washington: President of Convention  James Madison: “Father of Constitution”

Divisions at the Convention What are we doing here? Revise the Articles OR Write a new Constitution

Two Plans for Government Virginia Plan (Big State) Virginia Plan (Big State) Three Branches of Government Three Branches of Government Executive, Legislative, Judicial Executive, Legislative, Judicial Bicameral Legislature (Two houses) Bicameral Legislature (Two houses) # of Reps based on population # of Reps based on population Big State Plan Big State Plan

Two plans for government New Jersey Plan (Small State) New Jersey Plan (Small State) Unicameral Legislature Unicameral Legislature 1 state = 1 vote 1 state = 1 vote Power to Tax!!!! Power to Tax!!!!

Compromises Great Compromise Great Compromise –2 Houses –House of Reps: Population Based Population Based –Senate: Equal Reps Equal Reps

Convention Compromises North vs South North vs South Issue: Are slaves people or property? Issue: Are slaves people or property? 3/5 Compromise 3/5 Compromise 5 slaves = 3 votes 5 slaves = 3 votes Slavery legal Slavery legal

Additional Compromises Slave Trade: End in 1808 Slave Trade: End in 1808 Import Tax (tariff) Import Tax (tariff)

New Government Constitution: Constitution: Much Stronger Much Stronger Strong executive Strong executive Power to: Power to: – Tax –Control trade

A Lasting Document Constitution has lasted over 200 years because: Constitution has lasted over 200 years because: –Flexible enough to allow for changes –Proof: It has only been Amended 27 times!!!

Ratifying the Constitution Federalist Federalist Anti-Federalist Anti-Federalist Washington, Madison, Hamilton Support Ratification Federalist Papers Patrick Henry Oppose Ratification Afraid of a loss of state and individual rights

The Winner The Winner 1788: Constitution ratified by 9 states The Federalists

Articles of Confederation In effect, U.S. government was peacefully overthrown In effect, U.S. government was peacefully overthrown

Constitutional Principles Federalism Federalism Separation of Powers Separation of Powers –Checks and Balances Individual Rights Individual Rights

Individual Rights Guaranteed by the Bill of Rights The 1st 10 amendments to the US Constitution

Bill of Rights Anti-Federalist victory… Anti-Federalist victory… Guaranteed certain rights Guaranteed certain rights

Bill of Rights Virginia Declaration of Rights Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom Author James Madison; greatly influenced by two Virginians: 1) George Mason 2) Thomas Jefferson

Federalism Shared Power between the National government & State governments Shared Power between the National government & State governments

Concurrent Powers Delegated Powers Reserved Powers National National Government State Government Both Federalism

Delegated Powers Powers Declare War Print Money Inter-State Commerce

Reserved Powers Reserved Powers Marriage Laws Driving Laws Schools

Concurrent Powers Concurrent Powers Taxes Borrowing Money Welfare

Government Structure Separation of Federal Powers Separation of Federal Powers

Strong Executive Enforcer of laws Enforcer of laws Powers: Powers: –Commander in Chief –Appointment –Veto of Legislation

Legislative Congress: Makers of Laws Congress: Makers of Laws –House of Representatives: Popularly elected –Senate: Every state has 2 Can override presidential veto with 2/3 vote Can override presidential veto with 2/3 vote

Judiciary Supreme Court: Interpret the laws Supreme Court: Interpret the laws Judicial Review Judicial Review

Constitution: Questions to know 1)Explain how the Articles of Confederation reflected the Colonists attitude to British government. 2)Can you identify the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? What factors led to the creation of the Constitution?

Questions to Know (continued) What was the importance of the Northwest Ordinance? What was the importance of the Northwest Ordinance? How did the delegates in Philadelphia balance their many different interests? How did the delegates in Philadelphia balance their many different interests? What were the arguments for and against the ratification of the Constitution? What were the arguments for and against the ratification of the Constitution?

Questions to Know (continued) What is the purpose of the Bill of Rights? What were the ideas based on? What is the purpose of the Bill of Rights? What were the ideas based on? What are the defining principles behind the Constitution? What are the defining principles behind the Constitution?