___________ ENERGY When ________ of ________ and __________ undergo controlled nuclear fission, the resulting heat produces steam that spins turbines to generate electricity. The uranium oxide consists of about _____nonfissionable uranium-238 and ____fissionable uranium-235. The concentration of uranium-235 is increased through an _____________ process.

Fig , p. 387 Small amounts of radioactive gases Uranium fuel input (reactor core) Control rods Containment shell Heat exchanger Steam Turbine Generator Waste heat Electric power Hot coolant Useful energy 25%–30% Hot water output Pump Coolant Pump Moderator Cool water input Waste heat Shielding Pressure vessel Coolant passage Water Condenser Periodic removal and storage of radioactive wastes and spent fuel assemblies Periodic removal and storage of radioactive liquid wastes Water source (river, lake, ocean)

NUCLEAR ENERGY After three or four years in a reactor, spent fuel _____ are _______ and stored in a deep ______ of water contained in a ___________ concrete container. Figure 15-24

NUCLEAR ENERGY After spent fuel rods are cooled considerably, they are sometimes moved to ___________ containers made of steel or concrete. Figure 15-24

What Happened to Nuclear Power? After more than _____ years of development and enormous government subsidies, nuclear power has ____ lived up to its promise because: Multi _______-dollar construction costs. _________ operation costs and more ____________than expected. Poor management. Public concerns about _______ and stricter government safety regulations.

Case Study: The __________ Nuclear Power Plant Accident The world’s _______ nuclear power plant accident occurred in ______ in Ukraine. The disaster was caused by poor reactor _______ and human _______. By 2005, ____ people had died from radiation released. __________more are expected from thyroid cancer and leukemia.

NUCLEAR ENERGY A ________ megawatt nuclear plant is refueled ______ a year, whereas a ______ plant requires ____ rail cars a day. Figure 15-23

Fig , p. 389 Coal vs. Nuclear Trade-Offs CoalNuclear Ample supply Ample supply of uranium High net energy yield Low net energy yield Very high air pollution Low air pollution (mostly from fuel reprocessing) High CO 2 emissions Low CO 2 emissions (mostly from fuel reprocessing) High land disruption from surface mining Much lower land disruption from surface mining Low cost (with huge subsidies) High cost (even with huge subsidies) High land use Moderate land use

NUCLEAR ENERGY __________ could attack nuclear power plants, especially poorly _______ pools and casks that store spent nuclear fuel rods. Terrorists could wrap ________ around small amounts of radioactive materials that are fairly easy to get, detonate such _____, and __________ large areas for ________.

NUCLEAR ENERGY When a nuclear reactor reaches the end of its _______ life, its highly radioactive materials must be kept from reaching the environment for ___________ of years. At least _____ large commercial reactors worldwide (____ in the U.S.) are scheduled for retirement by _______. Many reactors are applying to _______their 40- year license to 60 years. Aging reactors are subject to ____________ and ____________.

NUCLEAR ENERGY Building more nuclear power plants will not lessen dependence on imported _____ and will not reduce ______ emissions as much as other alternatives. The nuclear fuel cycle ____________to CO 2 emissions. Wind turbines, solar cells, geothermal energy, and hydrogen contributes much ____ to CO 2 emissions.

NUCLEAR ENERGY Scientists _________ about the best methods for ______-term storage of ______-level radioactive waste: ______ it deep underground. Shoot it into ________. Bury it in the ___________ ice sheet. Bury it in the _______-ocean floor that is geologically stable. Change it into harmless or less harmful _________.

Nuclear Description – using _________to split large uranium atoms into smaller products and releasing tremendous amounts of heat energy which is used to make ________ that turns turbines to create electricity Energy conversion – nuclear to electrical and heat Benefits – pollution-free, very, very efficient Costs – risk of __________ (spread of radioactivity); transportation and disposal of radioactive wastes. It also produces a ton of ________ pollution!

REDUCING ENERGY WASTE AND IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY _____widely used devices waste large amounts of energy: ___________________: ___% is lost as heat. __________________: ___% of the energy in its fuel is wasted. _________________: ___% of energy is wasted through nuclear fuel and energy needed for waste management. _______________________% of the energy released by burning coal is lost.

USING RENEWABLE SOLAR ENERGY TO PROVIDE HEAT AND ELECTRICITY A variety of ___________-energy resources are available but their use has been hindered by a lack of government ________ compared to nonrenewable fossil fuels and nuclear power. ____________ _____ ____________

USING RENEWABLE SOLAR ENERGY TO PROVIDE HEAT AND ELECTRICITY The European Union aims to get 22% of its electricity from renewable energy by Costa Rica gets _____of its energy from renewable resources. China aims to get _____of its total energy from renewable resources by In 2004, California got about _____of its electricity from wind and plans to increase this to _____by 2030.

USING RENEWABLE SOLAR ENERGY TO PROVIDE HEAT AND ELECTRICITY Denmark now gets ____% of its electricity from wind and plans to increase this to ____% by Brazil gets _____% of its gasoline from sugarcane residue. In 2004, the world’s renewable-energy industries provided _____ million jobs.

_______ Types – ___________ cells (convert sunlight directly to electricity with a 10% efficiency) and solar __________systems (sun’s heat is used to heat bodies of water enough to produce ________ that can be used to make electricity) Energy ___________ – radiant/heat to electrical, heat or mechanical Benefits –____________, _______source Costs – not useful in _______areas or at night, we do not have the technology needed to use very __________

Producing Electricity with Solar Cells ________________cells can provide electricity for a house of building using solar-cell roof shingles.

Single solar cell Solar-cell roof – Boron enriched silicon + Junction Phosphorus enriched silicon Roof options Panels of solar cells Solar shingles

Producing Electricity with Solar Cells Solar cells can be used in _______villages with ample sunlight who are not connected to an _________ grid. Figure 16-19

Core Case Study: The Coming Energy- Efficiency and Renewable-Energy Revolution It is possible to get electricity from solar cells that convert sunlight into electricity. Can be attached like _________ on a roof. Can be applied to window ______ as a coating. Can be mounted on _______almost anywhere.

Core Case Study: The Coming Energy- Efficiency and Renewable-Energy Revolution The ________ bill for this energy-efficient passive solar radiation office in Colorado is _____a year. Figure 16-1

________ _______Heating Passive solar heating system ______ and ______ heat from the sun directly within a _______ without the need for pumps to distribute the heat. Figure 17-13, 15 th ed

Fig , p. 396 Direct Gain Summer sun Hot air Warm air Super- insulated windows Winter sun Cool air Earth tubes Ceiling and north wall heavily insulated

Fig , p. 396 Greenhouse, Sunspace, or Attached Solarium Summer cooling vent Warm air Insulated windows Cool air

Fig , p. 396 Earth Sheltered Reinforced concrete, carefully waterproofed walls and roof Triple-paned or superwindows Earth Flagstone floor for heat storage

Fig , p. 411 Trade-Offs Passive or Active Solar Heating AdvantagesDisadvantages Energy is freeNeed access to sun 60% of time Net energy is moderate (active) to high (passive) Sun blocked by other structures Need heat storage system Quick installation No CO 2 emissions Very low air and water pollution High cost (active) Very low land disturbance (built into roof or window) Active system needs maintenance and repair Moderate cost (passive) Active collectors unattractive

________ Houses ________ We can cool houses by: ______________them. Taking advantages of _______. __________them. Having light colored or_______roofs. Using __________ cooling.

______ Energy conversion – _______ to ____________ Benefits – _________-free, _______ is free (used in West Texas, Hawaii, California, and more) Costs – can only be used in places with lots of ______

PRODUCING ELECTRICITY FROM WIND Wind power is the world’s most _________ energy resource because it is _______inexhaustible, widely distributed, cheap, clean, and emits no greenhouse gases. Much of the world’s potential for wind power remains _________. Capturing only _____of the wind energy at the world’s best energy sites could meet all the ________ energy demands.

PRODUCING ELECTRICITY FROM WIND Wind _________ can be used individually to produce electricity. They are also used interconnected in arrays on wind ______. Figure 16-23

PRODUCING ELECTRICITY FROM WIND The United States once led the wind power industry, but Europe now leads this rapidly growing business. The U.S. government lacked ________, __________and other financial ___________. European companies manufacture ____of the wind turbines sold in the global market The success has been aided by _______ government ____________.

__________ Description – any type of _________ matter (forest products, crop wastes, animal wastes, people wastes, etc.) that can be used to produce _______; currently used for about _____of U.S. energy Energy conversion – chemical to electrical or heat Benefits – _____, _____toxic pollutants, using wastes effectively, currently used in Rio Grande Valley with the burning of ___________residue, also produces food, feed, and fiber Costs – we don’t have all the __________ needed to use this well right now, not useful in every location, some pollution is produced

PRODUCING ENERGY FROM BIOMASS ______ materials and _______wastes can be burned to provide heat or electricity or converted into _______ or _______ biofuels.

PRODUCING ENERGY FROM BIOMASS The scarcity of fuelwood causes people to make fuel ________ from ____ _____ in India. This ________ soil of plant nutrients.

Fig , p. 420 Trade-Offs Solid Biomass AdvantagesDisadvantages Large potential supply in some areas Nonrenewable if harvested unsustainably Moderate costs Moderate to high environmental impact No net CO 2 increase if harvested and burned sustainably CO 2 emissions if harvested and burned unsustainably Low photosynthetic efficiency Plantation can be located on semiarid land not needed for crops Soil erosion, water pollution, and loss of wildlife habitat Plantation can help restore degraded lands Plantations could compete with cropland Often burned in inefficient and polluting open fires and stoves Can make use of agricultural, timber, and urban wastes

__________ Energy conversion – kinetic to electrical or heat Benefits – already have the technology to do this, __________ free, ______ are also useful as water sources and flood controls; world’s ________source of electrical power Costs – there are environmental costs to ________ new dams, there are not rivers located everywhere Read James Bay Watershed Transfer Project Miller Page 304

PRODUCING ELECTRICITY FROM THE WATER CYCLE Water flowing in rivers and streams can be trapped in ________ behind dams and _________ as needed to ______ turbines and produce electricity. There is little room for expansion in the U.S. – Dams and reservoirs have been created on ____of suitable rivers.

Fig , p. 415 Trade-Offs Large-Scale Hydropower AdvantagesDisadvantages Moderate to high net energyHigh construction costs Large untapped potential High environmental impact from flooding land to form a reservoir High efficiency (80%) High CO 2 emissions from biomass decay in shallow tropical reservoirs Low-cost electricity Long life span No CO 2 emissions during operation in temperate areas Floods natural areas behind dam May provide flood control below dam Converts land habitat to lake habitat Danger of collapse Provides water for year-round irrigation of cropland Uproots people Decreases fish harvest below dam Reservoir is useful for fishing and recreation Decreases flow of natural fertilizer (silt) to land below dam

_______________ Description – heat from deep _______the earth is used to produce electricity This is the only energy source that doesn’t come from the sun! Energy conversion – thermal to electrical and heat Benefits – _________used near Waco and in Iceland Costs – ____ available everywhere, we don’t have all the technology needed to use it

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Geothermal energy consists of ______ stored in soil, underground rocks, and fluids in the earth’s mantle. We can use geothermal energy stored in the earth’s mantle to heat and cool buildings and to produce electricity. A _____________________) can heat and cool a house by exploiting the ________between the earth’s _________ and _______________temperatures.

___________ Heat Pump The house is heated in the winter by _________ heat from the ________ into the ________. The process is _________ in the summer to cool the house. Figure 16-31

_____ Power Energy conversion – kinetic to electrical Benefits – __________, cheap, renewable Costs – only _____ places in the U.S. have tides needed to do this

_______ Power Energy conversion – kinetic to electrical Benefits – pollution-free, cheap, ________ Costs - only ________in areas facing the open ________ (especially on the ______ Coasts of continents); tend to be destroyed in storms

PRODUCING ELECTRICITY FROM THE WATER CYCLE Ocean _____ and ______ and temperature differences between surface and bottom waters in tropical waters are _____ expected to provide much of the world’s ___________ needs. Only two large tidal energy dams are currently operating: one in _________, France and __________bay of Fundy where the tidal amplitude can be as high as ____ meters (63 feet).

WAYS TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY We can save energy in building by getting heat from the _____, _____________ them, and using plant covered ______roofs. We can ______ energy in existing ________ by insulating them, plugging leaks, and using energy-efficient heating and cooling systems, appliances, and lighting.

Strawbale House ___________ is a ____________ that is made from bales of low-cost straw covered with plaster or adobe. Depending on the thickness of the bales, its strength exceeds standard construction.

Living Roofs Roofs covered with _______ have been used for decades in Europe and Iceland. These roofs are built from a blend of light-weight ________, _______ and _______-like materials that hold water. Figure 16-8

Saving Energy in Existing Buildings About one-third of the heated air in typical U.S. homes and buildings escapes through closed windows and holes and cracks. Figure 16-9

Approximate Energy Efficiencies: Photosynthesis: ___% Incandescent light bulbs: ____%

Definition Any ______ that meets certain emissions standards; i.e. they give off a _______ amount of ________ (or less) Alternative Fuels

Laws Involved ______________amendments of 1990 _______________(EPACT) in Texas of 1992 Such laws have led to more research and development of these fuels

Examples of Alternative Fuels ___________ – made of vegetable oils and alcohols; expensive ________ – cleaner than “normal” gasoline, being more refined ________ – by-product of decaying vegetation; need technology __________ – expensive and we need more technology

______________ – alcohols; not as efficient (Miles per gallon) and we don’t have all the technology ; also, if our grain supplies are used to make fuel, will we have enough to feed the world? ____________– expensive and we need more technology ________________(RFG) – regular gas that has been further refined to remove some of the more toxic pollutants

__________ – most usable form of alternative fuel; not as efficient (mpg) _______ – manmade gas made of hydrogen and carbon monoxide; need more technology to use it

_________________ Some energy experts view hydrogen gas as the______fuel to replace _____ during the last half of the century, but there are several hurdles to overcome: Hydrogen is chemically _________in water an organic compounds. It takes ________ and _________ to produce it (net energy is low). Fuel cells are ____________. Hydrogen may be produced by using ________fuels.

Energy Laws __________________________(PUHCA) – 1935; regulated the interstate flow of energy; 1 st law of its kind; a law designed to protect consumers from _______ abuse of electricity markets (so electric companies can’t price _______.) This was happening during the great depression.

__________________ __________(CAFÉ) – 1975; focused attention on ________ of cars; mpg stickers required __________________ ___________(PURPA)– 1978; higher ______ rates for increased electricity use

Converting Plants and Plant Wastes to Liquid ________: An Overview Motor vehicles can run on ethanol, biodiesel, and methanol produced from plants and plant wastes. The major _________ of biofuels are: ________used for production can be grown almost anywhere. There is no net ________ in _____ emissions. Widely available and easy to store and transport.

Case Study: Producing Ethanol ________ such as sugarcane, corn, and switchgrass and agricultural, forestry and municipal wastes can be converted to _________. _____________ can remove CO 2 from the troposphere and store it in the soil. Figure 16-29

Case Study: Producing Ethanol __________pure ethanol makes gasohol which can be run in conventional motors. ______ethanol (E85) must be burned in flex-fuel cars. Processing all corn grown in the U.S. into ethanol would cover only about_____days of current driving. __________ is made by combining alcohol with vegetable oil made from a variety of different plants..

Case Study: Biodiesel and Methanol Growing crops for biodiesel could potentially promote _____________. Methanol is made mostly from _______ gas but can also be produced at a________cost from CO 2 from the atmosphere which could help ______ global warming. Can also be converted to other hydrocarbons to produce chemicals that are now made from petroleum and natural gas.

WAYS TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY Average fuel economy of new vehicles sold in the U.S. between The government _______________ ___________(CAF E) has not increased after Figure 16-5

Fig. 16-5, p. 402 Cars Both Average fuel economy (miles per gallon, or mpg) Model year Pickups, vans, and sport utility vehicles

WAYS TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY General features of a car powered by a ________-______ _________. “_____ _______” cars account for less than ____of all new car sales in the U.S. Figure 16-2

Fig. 16-6, p. 403 Regulator: Controls flow of power between electric motor and battery bank. Fuel tank: Liquid fuel such as gasoline, diesel, or ethanol runs small combustion engine. Transmission: Efficient 5-speed automatic transmission. Battery: High-density battery powers electric motor for increased power. Combustion engine: Small, efficient internal combustion engine powers vehicle with low emmissions; shuts off at low speeds and stops. Electric motor: Traction drive provides additional power for passing and acceleration; excess energy recovered during braking is used to help power motor. FuelElectricity

____________, ____________, and __________________ _______ gasoline-electric engines with an extra plug-in battery could be powered mostly by _________ produced by _____ and get twice the mileage of current hybrid cars. Currently plug-in batteries would by generated by ______ and ________power plants. According to U.S. Department of Energy, a network of _______ farms in just ______ states could meet all U.S. electricity means.

_______-Cell Vehicles Fuel-efficient vehicles powered by a ______ ______ that runs on hydrogen gas are being developed. Combines ___________ gas (H 2 ) and ________ gas (O 2 ) fuel to produce electricity and __________(2H 2 +O 2  2H 2 O). Emits ____ air pollution or ____ if the hydrogen is produced from __________- energy sources.

Body attachments Mechanical locks that secure the body to the chassis Air system management Universal docking connection Connects the chassis with the drive-by-wire system in the body Fuel-cell stack Converts hydrogen fuel into electricity Rear crush zone Absorbs crash energy Drive-by-wire system controls Cabin heating unit Side-mounted radiators Release heat generated by the fuel cell, vehicle electronics, and wheel motors Hydrogen fuel tanks Front crush zone Absorbs crash energy Electric wheel motors Provide four-wheel drive; have built-in brakes

__________ ___________ ___________ – 1987; energy ________ stickers on all appliances

_______________________________ _______________– 1989; effort to develop renewable energy nationally ______________Amendments – 1990; set standards for cities and emissions _________________– 1992; comprehensive effort to find renewable energy resources

_______________– 1996; develop hydrogen as an energy source __________ – FEW of these actually provide the money needed to research renewable resources