Topic: Urban Patterns & Processes Aim: What primary functions do cities serve? Do Now: Would you ever consider moving to a major city? Why or why not?

Introduction: Imagine humankind’s existence on Earth as a 24-hour day. In this metaphor: 1.Settlements of more than a hundred people are only about a half-hour old 2.Towns and cities emerged only a few minutes ago 3.Large-scale urbanization began less than 60 seconds ago 4.Urban explosion has gone hand in hand with the industrial revolution 5.Estimates demonstrate the world’s urban population more than doubled since Urban population doubled again by Over 50 percent of Earth’s population live in cities

The largest public gathering in the world, the Kumbh Mela is expected to draw as many as 70 million people, a crowd greater than New York, London, and Paris combined, for ritual bathing in the rivers.

Problem of recognizing urban regions: No agreed-upon international definition of what constitutes a “city” –India defines an urban center as 5,000 inhabitants, with adult males employed primarily in nonagricultural work –The United States Census Bureau defines a city as a densely populated area of 2,500 people or more –South Africa counts as a city any settlement of 500 or more people –China revised its census definitions with criteria that vary from province to province causing their urban population to swell by 13 percent in 1983

1.Why do people live in cities? 2.When did the rise of modern cities begin? Why? 3.What problems do we associate with cities? 4.What differences are there between the city and the countryside? 5.How do you think cities are different outside of North America?

Why do people move to the city? Push Lack of electrical, water and sewage services. Hard work, long hours and little pay for farmers. Shortage of education, health and welfare services. Chance of natural disasters leading to crop failure. Pull The availability of schools, doctors, hospitals and entertainment. A greater variety of jobs with higher wages. Improved housing. More reliable sources of food More enjoyment of life Rural-urban migration

Cities speak to rapid development…

Shanghai from Review: 1.From where do states (like China) get the money to fund development projects like this? 2.What is the HDI? 3.How would rapid urbanization change a country’s score on the HDI?

Cities also speak to contrasts…

Seoul, South Korea

Hyderabad, India (the same one from your test!) - How does this relate to the concept of scale?

Cities speak to changing land use and altered rural landscapes… oad-to-rio/satellite-photos-urban- sprawl/index.htmlhttp://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/world/r oad-to-rio/satellite-photos-urban- sprawl/index.html

Where were the hearths of Earth’s first cities (hint – the same place as the major agricultural hearths…)

Ancient World Cities Oldest cities are found in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and Indus Valley. Mesopotamia (Jordan/Iraq) FJericho 10,000 B.C. FUr 3,000 B.C. (Iraq) FWalled cities based on agricultural trade FZiggurat (stepped temple) Ancient Ur in Iraq

Ancient World Cities Oldest cities are found in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and Indus Valley. E. Mediterranean FAthens 2,500 B.C. F1st city to exceed 100,000 FMany cities organized into city-states Ancient Athens

Medieval World Cities After collapse of Roman Empire in 5th Century, Europe’s cities were diminished or abandoned. European Feudal Cities FBegin in 11th Century FIndependent cities formed in exchange for military service to feudal lord. FImproved roads encouraged trade FDense and compact within defensive walls Paris, France Cittadella, Italy

Hierarchy of Urban Places: Every city has a trade area: an adjacent region within which its influence is dominant Trade areas and population combine to give us a hierarchy of urban places, commonly called the rank-size rule (George Zipf 1949), which states… The population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy.

Rank-Size Rule: If the largest city had 12 million people, for example, the second largest will have about 6 million (1/2); the third largest will have 4 million (1/3); the fourth city 3 million; and so on. Does not apply to all countries, particularly with one dominant city (primate city) Does seem to apply in U.S.

Rank Size Rule: Largest City: x (population) 2 nd Largest City: 1/2 x (population) 3 rd Largest City: 1/3 x (population) Population

Primate City Rule: Largest settlement has more than twice as many people as 2 nd largest settlement. Most important urban areas economically, politically, and culturally. Tends to lack effective distribution of goods and services. Primate Cities: –Copenhagen, Denmark –London, England –Buenos Aires, Argentina –Bangkok, Thailand –Paris, France –Bucharest, Romania –Mexico City, Mexico No primate cities in the U.S., China, India, Canada, Australia or Brazil

Primate City Rule:

Primate City and Population 2 nd Largest City and Population Copenhagen, Denmark 1 million people Arhus, Denmark 200,000 people London, United Kingdom 7 million people Birmingham, United Kingdom 1 million people Bangkok, Thailand 7.5 million people Nanthaburi, Thailand 481,000 people Paris, France 9.6 million people Marseilles, France 1.3 million people Bucharest, Romania 2 million people Iasi, Romania 320,000 people Mexico City, Mexico 8.6 million people Guadalajara, Mexico 1.6 million people

Examples of Countries that Lack Primate Cities: India's most populous city is Mumbai (formerly Bombay) with 9.9 million; second is Delhi with 7 million, third is Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) with 4.4 million, and fourth is Chennai (formerly Madras) with 3.8 million. Utilizing the metropolitan area population of urban areas in the United States, we find that the U.S. lacks a true primate city. With the New York City metropolitan area population at approximately 20.1 million, second ranked Los Angeles at 15.8 million, and even third ranked Chicago at 8.8 million, America lacks a primate city.

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