CH-4 Part 1 Mass Spectroscopy

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Presentation transcript:

CH-4 Part 1 Mass Spectroscopy Infrared Spectroscopy. Prepared by Dr. Khalid A. Shadid Islamic University in Madinah Department of Chemistry CH-4 Part 1 Mass Spectroscopy Prepared By Dr. Khalid Ahmad Shadid

Mass Spectrometry (MS) An analytical technique for measuring the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of ions in the gas phase. Mass spectrometry is our most valuable analytical tool for determining accurate molecular masses. Also can give information about structure. electron ionization mass spectrometer (EI-MS)

Mass Spectrometry (MS)

A Mass Spectrometer A mass spectrometer is designed to do three things: Convert neutral atoms or molecules into a beam of positive (or rarely negative) ions. Separate the ions on the basis of their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio. Measure the relative abundance of each ion.

A Mass Spectrometer Electron Ionization MS In the ionization chamber, the sample is bombarded with a beam of high-energy electrons. Collisions between these electrons and the sample result in loss of electrons from sample molecules and formation of positive ions. Methane for example has 4 + 4 = 8 valence electrons. One is knocked out leaving a radical cation, which has only seven valence electrons

Molecular Ion Molecular ion (radical cation) (M): A radical cation formed by removal of a single electron from a parent molecule in a mass spectrometer. For our purposes, it does not matter which electron is lost; radical cation character is delocalized throughout the molecule. Therefore, we write the molecular formula of the parent molecule in brackets with: a plus sign to show that it is a cation. a dot to show that it has an odd number of electrons.

Molecular Ion At times, however, we find it useful to depict the radical cation at a certain position in order to better understand its reactions. C H 3 2 O ( ) . The radical cation is unstable and undergoes fragmentation to give smaller ions

Electron Impact Ionization Other fragments can be formed when C—C or C—H bonds are broken during ionization. Only the positive fragments can be detected in MS.

Mass Spectrum Mass spectrum: A plot of the relative abundance of ions versus their mass-to-charge ratio. Base peak: The most abundant peak. Assigned an arbitrary intensity of 100. The relative abundance of all other ions is reported as a % of abundance of the base peak.

Conclusion about types of MS Peaks: Molecular (or Radical cation)Ion (Parent) – ion having same mass as the analyte Daughter Ion – ion having lower mass Base Peak – biggest peak Size of peaks depends on relative natural abundance of isotopes The base peak in electron-impact spectra arise from fragments rather than from molecular ion. The molecular ion peak provides the MWt of the unknown.

MS of dopamine Figure 13.2 Partial mass spectrum of dopamine showing all peaks equal or greater than 0.5% of the base peak.

MS of Dopamine The number of peaks in the mass spectrum of dopamine is given here as a function of detector sensitivity.

Other MS techniques What we have described is called electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI-MS). Other mass spectrometry techniques include Fast atom bombardment (FAB). Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI). Chemical ionization (CI). Electrospray ionization (ESI).

Resolution Resolution: A measure of how well a mass spectrometer separates ions of different mass. Low resolution: Refers to instruments capable of separating only ions that differ in nominal mass; that is ions that differ by at least 1 or more atomic mass units (amu). High resolution: Refers to instruments capable of separating ions that differ in mass by as little as 0.0001 amu.

Resolution C3H6O and C3H8O have nominal masses of 58 and 60, and can be distinguished by low-resolution MS. C3H8O and C2H4O2 both have nominal masses of 60. distinguish between them by high-resolution MS.

Molecular formula in general Molecular ion: Even Mass : can contain C, H, O , halogen, even # N Odd Mass : can contain C, H, O , halogen, odd # N Fragmentation ions: Even Mass : From even mass M+ comes from rearrangement or 2 bond breaking Odd Mass : From even mass M+ comes from single bond breaking even Mass : from Odd Mass M+ comes from single bond breaking

THE RULE OF 13 قانون 13 الصيغة الاساسية = CnH(n+r) يستعمل لاستنباط الصيغة الجزيئية من الوزن الجزيئي المتحصل عليه من مطياف الكتلة MS Basic Molecular formula (CH) Use table of element equivalent to convert the basic molecular formula into molecular formula قانون 13 ---< صيغة اساسية تتالف من ذرات CH فقط ----< ثم نضيف عناصر اخرى ونحذف ما يكافئها وزنا من ذرات الـــ CH يمكن حساب الصيغة الاساسية وذلك بقسمة الوزن الجزيئي على 13 حيث نحصل على ناتج القسمة n وباقي القسمة r كما يلي الصيغة الاساسية = CnH(n+r)

THE RULE OF 13 قانون 13 مثال 1) مركب عضوي وزنه الجزيئي 46g/mol وصورة الطيف الكتلي كما يلي: ما هي الصيغة الاساسية والجزيئية؟

THE RULE OF 13 قانون 13 مثال 1) مركب عضوي وزنه الجزيئي 46g/mol وصورة الطيف الكتلي كما يلي: ما هي الصيغة الاساسية و الصيغة الجزيئية؟ 1 الصيغة الاساسية = CnH(n+r) 2

THE RULE OF 13 قانون 13 مثال 1) مركب عضوي وزنه الجزيئي 46g/mol وصورة الطيف الكتلي كما يلي: ما هي الصيغة الاساسية والجزيئية؟ 46/13 = 3 + 7/13 n = 3; r = 7

THE RULE OF 13 قانون 13 مثال 1) مركب عضوي وزنه الجزيئي 46g/mol وصورة الطيف الكتلي كما يلي: ما هي الصيغة الاساسية والجزيئية؟ 46/13 = 3 + 7/13 n = 3; r = 7 الصيغة الاساسية = CnH(n+r)

THE RULE OF 13 قانون 13 مثال 1) مركب عضوي وزنه الجزيئي 46g/mol وصورة الطيف الكتلي كما يلي: ما هي الصيغة الاساسية والجزيئية؟ 46/13 = 3 + 7/13 n = 3; r = 7 الصيغة الاساسية = CnH(n+r) الصيغة الاساسية = C3H10

THE RULE OF 13 قانون 13 مثال 1) مركب عضوي وزنه الجزيئي 46g/mol وصورة الطيف الكتلي كما يلي: ما هي الصيغة الاساسية والجزيئية؟ 46/13 = 3 + 7/13 n = 3; r = 7 الصيغة الاساسية = CnH(n+r) الصيغة الاساسية = C3H10 الوزن الجزيئي 46

مثال 2) مركب عضوي وزنه الجزيئي 46g/mol يحتوي على ذرة O: ما هي الصيغة الاساسية والجزيئية؟ 46/13 = 3 + 7/13 n = 3; r = 7 الصيغة الاساسية = CnH(n+r) الصيغة الاساسية = C3H10 الوزن الجزيئي 46

مثال 2) مركب عضوي وزنه الجزيئي 46g/mol يحتوي على ذرة O: ما هي الصيغة الاساسية والجزيئية؟ 46/13 = 3 + 7/13 n = 3; r = 7 الصيغة الاساسية = CnH(n+r) الصيغة الاساسية = C3H10 الوزن الجزيئي 46 اضافة +O حذف - CH4 الوزن الجزيئي + 16 الوزن الجزيئي – 16

مثال 2) مركب عضوي وزنه الجزيئي 46g/mol يحتوي على ذرة O: ما هي الصيغة الاساسية والجزيئية؟ 46/13 = 3 + 7/13 n = 3; r = 7 الصيغة الاساسية = CnH(n+r) الصيغة الاساسية = C3H10 الوزن الجزيئي 46 اضافة +O حذف - CH4 الوزن الجزيئي + 16 الوزن الجزيئي – 16 الصيغة الجزيئية الوزن الجزيئي 46 C2H6O

مثال 2) مركب عضوي وزنه الجزيئي 46g/mol يحتوي على ذرة O: ما هي الصيغة الاساسية والجزيئية؟ 46/13 = 3 + 7/13 n = 3; r = 7 الصيغة الاساسية = CnH(n+r) الصيغة الاساسية = C3H10 الوزن الجزيئي 46 اضافة +O حذف - CH4 الوزن الجزيئي + 16 الوزن الجزيئي – 16 IHD = 0 CH3CH2OH الصيغة الجزيئية الوزن الجزيئي 46 C2H6O

مثال 2) مركب عضوي وزنه الجزيئي 46g/mol يحتوي على ذرة O: ما هي الصيغة الاساسية والجزيئية؟ 46/13 = 3 + 7/13 n = 3; r = 7 الصيغة الاساسية = CnH(n+r) الصيغة الاساسية = C3H10 الوزن الجزيئي 46 اضافة +O حذف - CH4 الوزن الجزيئي + 16 الوزن الجزيئي – 16 IHD = 0 CH3CH2OH الصيغة الجزيئية الوزن الجزيئي 46 C2H6O

مثال 3) مركب عضوي وزنه الجزيئي 46g/mol يحتوي على ذرة S: ما هي الصيغة الاساسية والجزيئية؟ 46/13 = 3 + 7/13 n = 3; r = 7

مثال 3) مركب عضوي وزنه الجزيئي 46g/mol يحتوي على ذرة S: ما هي الصيغة الاساسية والجزيئية؟ 46/13 = 3 + 7/13 n = 3; r = 7 الصيغة الاساسية = CnH(n+r) الصيغة الاساسية = C3H10 الوزن الجزيئي 46

مثال 3) مركب عضوي وزنه الجزيئي 46g/mol يحتوي على ذرة S: ما هي الصيغة الاساسية والجزيئية؟ 46/13 = 3 + 7/13 n = 3; r = 7 الصيغة الاساسية = CnH(n+r) الصيغة الاساسية = C3H10 الوزن الجزيئي 46 اضافة +S حذف - C2H8 الوزن الجزيئي + 32 الوزن الجزيئي – 32

مثال 3) مركب عضوي وزنه الجزيئي 46g/mol يحتوي على ذرة S: ما هي الصيغة الاساسية والجزيئية؟ 46/13 = 3 + 7/13 n = 3; r = 7 الصيغة الاساسية = CnH(n+r) الصيغة الاساسية = C3H10 الوزن الجزيئي 46 اضافة +S حذف - C2H8 الوزن الجزيئي + 32 الوزن الجزيئي – 32 الصيغة الجزيئية الوزن الجزيئي 46 CH2S

مثال 3) مركب عضوي وزنه الجزيئي 46g/mol يحتوي على ذرة S: ما هي الصيغة الاساسية والجزيئية؟ 46/13 = 3 + 7/13 n = 3; r = 7 الصيغة الاساسية = CnH(n+r) الصيغة الاساسية = C3H10 الوزن الجزيئي 46 اضافة +S حذف - C2H8 الوزن الجزيئي + 32 الوزن الجزيئي – 32 IHD = 1 CH2S الصيغة الجزيئية الوزن الجزيئي 46 CH2S

الوزن الجزيئي Molecular mass قانون 13 الصيغة الاساسية (CH) مطياف الكتلة MS 2 1 3 جدول حذف واضافة 4 الصيغة الجزيئية (CHX) اضافة عنصر وحذف ما يكافئه وزنا من ذرات CH 5 6 الصيغة البنائية IHD التكسير

Interpreting a mass spectrum Nitrogen Rule: If a compound has zero or an even number of nitrogen atoms, its molecular ion will have an even m/z value. an odd number of nitrogen atoms, its molecular ion will have an odd m/z value. MW OF CH5N = 31 MW OF C2H8N2 = 60

Molecular formula: RULE of 13 Consider CH unit  13 amu If we divide the mass by 13 we can establish easily possible formula: Example: Molecular ion => 152 152 / 13 = # carbons = 11 Mass = 12 * 11 = 132 therefore H = 152 – 132 = 20 Basic formula C11 H20 If Oxygen is present : mass = 16  remove CH4 If Nitrogen is present : mass = 14  remove CH2 If one oxygen : C11 H20 – CH4 + O = C10 H16 O If second oxygen : C10 H16 O – CH4 + O = C9 H12 O2 If third oxygen : C9 H12 O2 – CH4 + O = C8 H8 O3

Molecular formula: RULE of 13 After establishing the basic formula with only Carbon/hydrogen, Other element can be introduced by substracting the proper hydrocarbon value 16O => CH4 14N => CH2 19F => CH7 1H12 => C 28Si => C2H4 31P => C2H7 32S => C2H8 35Cl => C2H11 79Br => C6H7 127I => C10H7

Nitrogen rule Molecular ion => 26 Molecular ion => 27 odd! 26 / 13 = # carbons = 2 27 / 13 = # carbons = 2 Mass = 12 * 2 = 24 therefore H = 2 Basic formula C2 H3 Basic formula C2 H2 One Nitrogen C2 H3 - CH2 + N

Nitrogen rule Molecular ion => 100 Molecular ion => 99 odd! 100 / 13 = # carbons = 7 Basic formula C7 H16 Mass = 12 * 7 = 84 therefore H = 16 1 Nitrogen: C7 H16 – CH2 + N Basic formula C7 H16 C6 H14 N 1 Oxygen: C7 H16 - CH4 + O C6 H12 O

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