Vaccines: HPV and HIV

Immune System

esophagus stomach Taking in food and oxygen exposes us to pathogens

CB 18.2 Pathogen: an organism that causes disease

Ebola E. coli Fungus from soil Phage virus various pathogens

Viruses only harm cells by invading them and using the cell to reproduce

Living organisms must fit all of the following criteria: 1. They must have organization. 2. They must have metabolism. 3. They must respond to the environment. 4. They must be able to reproduce themselves.

CB 6.6 A typical bacteria

lag exponential stationary The rapid growth of bacteria CB 52.12

CB Human Population Growth

How much of our society is based on continuing population increases?

CB 6.6 A typical bacteria

What do bacteria do? from a human perspective Good Decay dead material Help digest food Protect body from “bad bacteria” Nitrogen fixation Produce oxygen Bad Cause disease –Food poisoning –STD’s –Cavities –Infections of skin or body Spoil food/infect crops

CB The nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen as part of amino acids and nucleotides NNN

What do bacteria do? from a human perspective Good Decay dead material Help digest food Protect body from “bad bacteria” Nitrogen fixation Produce oxygen Bad Cause disease –Food poisoning –STD’s –Cavities –Infections of skin or body Spoil food/infect crops ~40% of planted food does not make it to table

Resistance of bacteria to antibiotics Evolution in Action:

What do bacteria do? from a human perspective Good Decay dead material Help digest food Protect body from “bad bacteria” Nitrogen fixation Produce oxygen Bad Cause disease –Food poisoning –STD’s –Cavities –Infections of skin or body Spoil food/infect crops ~40% of planted food does not make it to table

esophagus stomach Taking in food and oxygen exposes us to pathogens

The Immune System Non-specific: –barriers Specific : –B-cells -> antibodies –T-cells CB 43.2

Non-Specific Immune System Barriers: Skin- Dry Inhospitable Competition Secretions (lysozyme) Hairs and Mucus (protect openings) Traps particles, swallowed Stomach acid kills pathogens CB 43.2

Skin protects us from most pathogens

Non-Specific Immune System Barriers: Skin- Dry Inhospitable Competition Secretions (lysozyme) Hairs and Mucus (protect openings) Traps particles, swallowed Stomach acid kills pathogens CB 43.2

esophagus stomach

Non-Specific Immune System Barriers: Skin- Dry Inhospitable Competition Secretions (lysozyme) Hairs and Mucus (protect openings) Traps particles, swallowed Stomach acid kills pathogens CB 43.2

How do vaccines to work? By pre-activating the body’s immune system.