Territorial and Economic Expansion Unit 5 Ch.12

Conflict over Texas Social conflict Revolt and Independence 1829- Mexico outlawed slavery and required all new immigrants to convert to Catholicism Revolt and Independence 1834- Santa Anna takes charge and abolishes Mexico’s system of gov. American settlers, led by Sam Houston, revolt Santa Anna leads an army to stop the rebellion Kills all defenders of the Alamo in San Antonio Battle of San Jacinto River- Santa Anna is captured and forced to grant Texas independence

Conflict over Texas Annexation denied President Sam Houston applies for statehood with the U.S. and is denied Presidents Jackson and Van Buren were under political pressure not to expand slavery President Tyler tried to annex Texas, but Senate rejected the request.

Aroostook War Boundary dispute between rival lumbermen in Maine and New Brunswick Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) settled the boundary problem here and in Minnesota

Boundary Dispute in Oregon Britain’s claim based on the Hudson Fur Company's trade with Natives America’s claim based on discovery of the Columbia River, Lewis and Clark expedition, and fur trading post in Astoria By 1844, many Americans believed it was the country’s manifest destiny to take control of Oregon and the Republic of Texas

Election of 1844 Democrats nominated James K. Polk Committed to expansion and manifest destiny “Fifty-four Forty or Fight!” Whigs nominate Henry Clay Clay attempted to straddle the Texas debate and alienated voters in NY who supported the Liberty party in the election Polk wins; Democrats view this as a mandate to add Texas

Annexing Texas and Dividing Oregon President Tyler convinced Congress to issue a joint resolution of annexation Polk decided to settle for the southern half of Oregon instead of fighting for all of it Border set at the 49th parallel

Mexican-American War Diplomatic Problems Immediate Causes Mexico viewed Texas as still being in rebellion President Polk sent John Slidell to persuade Mexico to sell the California and New Mexico territories, and settle the Texas dispute Immediate Causes Slidell was never received General Zachary Taylor was ordered to move his army toward the Rio Grande Mexican army captured and American patrol, killing 11 (Apr. 24,1846)

Mexican-American War Military Campaigns Consequences General Taylor won a major victory at Buena Vista (Feb. 1847) General Winfield Scott invaded central Mexico and captured Mexico city in Sept. 1847 Consequences Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848) Rio Grande recognized as southern border of Texas U.S. pays $15 million for California and New Mexico Territories Wilmot Proviso An amendment to an appropriations bill to forbid slavery in the new territories, which was defeated in the Senate

Manifest Destiny to the South Ostend Manifesto (1852) Secret negotiation to purchase Cuba from Spain Failed when leaked to the press Walker Expedition William Walker took over Nicaragua in 1855; was invaded, defeated, and hanged in 1860 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850) Great Britain and U.S. agreed to share any canal route in Central America. Gadsden Purchase (1853) $10 million purchase of land in present-day New Mexico and Arizona

Settlement of the West Fur Trader’s Frontier Overland Trails Earliest non-native group in the far west James Beckwourth, Jim Bridger, Kit Carson, Jedediah Smith Overland Trails Oregon, California, and Santa Fe trails Mining Frontier 1848-1850; gold in California; gold and silver in Colorado, Nevada, and the Dakotas Farming Frontier Movement west was mostly middle class Urban Frontier Western cities grew because of the railroads and gold and silver rushes

The Expanding Economy Industrial Technology Railroads New factories produced shoes, sewing machines, clothing, firearms, precision tools, iron products Elias Howe-sewing machine Samuel Morse- telegraph Railroads Supplanted canals and soon became the largest industry New railroads were given land grants and tax breaks to speed expansion Promoted agriculture in the West Linked the Northeast and Midwest

The Expanding Economy Foreign Commerce Panic of 1857 Caused by growth in manufactured goods and agricultural products Clipper ships and later steam ships sped up travel; now departed on a regular schedule Demand for whale oil to light homes Commodore Matthew Perry send to Japan in 1854 to encourage trade Panic of 1857 Drop in prices, especially in farming accompanied by increased unemployment in the North South largely unaffected as cotton prices remained high