Scholarly Communication, Open Access & Author Rights Research Methods and Data College of Advancing Studies Brendan Rapple

11/13/2015 Scholarly Communication, Open Access, & Author Rights 2 Basics of Scholarly Communication Authors conduct research and then write books, articles etc.

11/13/2015 Scholarly Communication, Open Access, & Author Rights 3 Author’s peers evaluate the work & recommend whether it should be published or not Basics of Scholarly Communication

11/13/2015 Scholarly Communication, Open Access, & Author Rights 4 If the evaluation is good, then the work is published Basics of Scholarly Communication

11/13/2015 Scholarly Communication, Open Access, & Author Rights 5 Delving a Little Deeper...  Authors rarely receive remuneration for their scholarly journal articles.  In fact, they give their work to publishers (also generally transfer copyright).  Scientists sometimes pay page charges!  Then publishers often charge exorbitant prices for the journals.  Moreover, publishers often place restrictions on use of scholars’ work.  And frequently charge high fees for later use of work.

11/13/2015 Scholarly Communication, Open Access, & Author Rights 6 In Short....  Commercial publishers get articles free from researchers.  And make a lot of money by selling the same articles back to the universities the researchers work for.  The very universities that paid for much of the research in the first place.  The public has often paid through tax $$ for much of the research – however, they frequently do not have ready access to the results.  Arguably, optimal dissemination of scholarship is being hindered by commercial publishers, whose very rationale is such dissemination.

11/13/2015 Scholarly Communication, Open Access, & Author Rights 7 Ten Costly Journals – Annual Subscriptions! Brain Research $22,940 Journal of Comparative Neurology $23,771 Journal of Applied Polymer Science $19,935 Tetrahedron $17,969 Journal of Chromatography A $16,019 Journal of Polymer Science. Part A, Polymer Chemistry $15,820 Chemical Physics Letters $15,175 Surface Science $13,441 Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Res. A $12,171 Nuclear Physics, Section B $11,570

11/13/2015 Scholarly Communication, Open Access, & Author Rights 8 It’s not Surprising that BC Libraries Strongly Support Open Access Optimal access to resources is an essential component of BC Libraries’ mission. The Library is a signatory of o Alliance for Taxpayer Access:Alliance for Taxpayer Access “American taxpayers are entitled to open access on the Internet to the peer-reviewed scientific articles on research funded by the U.S. Government.” oThe Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI)The Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) BOAI promotes “the world-wide electronic distribution of the peer-reviewed journal literature and completely free and unrestricted access to it by all scientists, scholars, teachers, students, and other curious minds.”

11/13/2015 Scholarly Communication, Open Access, & Author Rights 9 Benefits of Open Access (OA) The primary benefit of OA is the widest diffusion possible of scholarship. This results in publications being more widely read and potentially cited more. This is beneficial for the author’s career and research itself is advanced. At the same time OA helps to promote BC’s academic quality. Greater visibility and prestige results in more qualified students and faculty as well as more research funds.

11/13/2015 Scholarly Communication, Open Access, & Author Rights 10 OA a Social Good Open Access promises more than solving libraries' economic woes. But perhaps more important still is that Open Access is arguably the right thing to do. The results of much scholarship are accessible to only an elite minority, mainly in the first world. Scholarship should be available to all. Open Access will help end the evils of what Jean-Claude Guédon terms 'cognitive apartheid', both nationally and globally.

11/13/2015 Scholarly Communication, Open Access, & Author Rights 11 Authors Frequently Sign Away Important Rights Example of a restrictive publisher contract that an author might encounter: The author transfers exclusively to the publisher copyright (including all rights thereunder) in the work for the duration of copyright and all extensions and renewals thereof, in all languages, throughout the world, and in any form or medium now known or hereafter developed. (MIT):

11/13/2015 Scholarly Communication, Open Access, & Author Rights 12 Remember That The copyright holder controls the work. Authors who have transferred all their copyrights may not be able to –place the work on course websites, –copy it for students or colleagues, –deposit the work in a digital archive, e.g. –or reuse portions in a subsequent work. Transferring copyright doesn’t have to be all or nothing. Publishers require only your permission to publish an article, not a wholesale transfer of copyright. So, a “compromise” is often desirable.

11/13/2015 Scholarly Communication, Open Access, & Author Rights 13 So, a “Compromise” Is Often Desirable Re. the Contract An important strategy is for the author, initially the copyright holder, to retain certain rights over their work, e.g. sufficient rights to enable Open Access to their publications. A compromise is often effected by adding an addendum to the publisher’s contract

11/13/2015 Scholarly Communication, Open Access, & Author Rights 14 Some Funders Mandate Open Access Some examples: NIH “The Director of the National Institutes of Health shall require that all investigators funded by the NIH submit or have submitted for them to the National Library of Medicine's PubMed Central an electronic version of their final, peer-reviewed manuscripts upon acceptance for publication, to be made publicly available no later than 12 months after the official date of publication: Provided, That the NIH shall implement the public access policy in a manner consistent with copyright law.” Wellcome Trust (UK) Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Howard Hughes Medical Institute European Research Council Swiss National Science Foundation

11/13/2015 Scholarly Communication, Open Access, & Author Rights 15 Important Proposed Funder Mandate Federal Research Public Access Act (FRPAA) What this legislation will do: Every federal agency with an annual extramural research budget of $100 million or more will implement a public access policy that is consistent with and advances the federal purpose of the respective agency. Each agency must: –Require each researcher – funded totally or partially by the agency – to submit an electronic copy of the final manuscript that has been accepted for publication in a peer- reviewed journal. –Ensure that the manuscript is preserved in a stable digital repository maintained by that agency or in another suitable repository that permits free public access, interoperability, and long-term preservation. –Require that free, online access to each taxpayer-funded manuscript be available as soon as possible, and no later than six months after the article has been published in a peer- reviewed journal.

11/13/2015 Scholarly Communication, Open Access, & Author Rights 16 Recent Survey of BC Faculty re. Open Access & Author Rights 142 responses 40 of these provided open, free text responses BC faculty demonstrated overwhelming support for having their scholarship open access, i.e. freely available to anyone with internet access.

11/13/2015 Scholarly Communication, Open Access, & Author Rights 17 Survey: Willingness of Faculty to provide open access to their Scholarship on BC's

11/13/2015 Scholarly Communication, Open Access, & Author Rights 18 Some Faculty Comments in Survey 1.I am all for it. Theological Studies and America both give copyright to the author. But other publishers and journals do not, even though they do not pay. (School of Theology and Ministry) 2.It's a very good idea. (History) 3.I think this is a great idea. (Political Science A&S) 4.Whatever we can do to promote open access would be great! I only recently found out about the addendum option and I'll definitely try to do it with my next article. (Sociology) 5.I always insist on the right to use anything I write in future work. I think what you are doing is great....Ed Kane (Finance) 6.I am all for it (Chemistry) 7.As a author and researcher, I publish papers without being paid by the publisher. It definitely should be free access. (Physics/CAS) 8.Open access should work to our benefit because citation records/counts are so important for promotion. Also, I regularly receive requests for copies of my articles because faculty or doc students in other countries don't have access to the journals (CSOM/ marketing dept.) 9.I support open access. (English A & S) 10.Excellent idea (GSSW) 11.let everything be open--except dangerous/destructive how-to-do-it things (LSOE/ERME)

11/13/2015 Scholarly Communication, Open Access, & Author Rights 19 Our Survey: What BC Faculty Do with Contracts

11/13/2015 Scholarly Communication, Open Access, & Author Rights 20 Some US Universities’ Promotion of OA On 12 February, 2008 Harvard's Faculty of Arts and Sciences voted to deposit their peer reviewed articles in Harvard's digital repository and to assign copyright permission to Harvard to preserve and to disseminate these articles.Harvard's Faculty of Arts and Sciences voted In March 2009 MIT adopted a similar policy.policy On April 30th 2009 the KU Faculty Senate passed a policy granting the University permission to deposit a copy their scholarly work in an open access repository.policy

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