PROCESS (Design &management) System components Analysis & Process Design PROCESS (Design &management) SYSTEM analysis to increase Biosystem Productivity (PROFIT ) by Engineering and Management DESIGN of biotic and abiotic factor , to increase output and minimize input .

SYSTEM DESIGN TO INCRESE productivity Measurement and Monitoring of parameters Abiotic and Biotic factors Input and Output variables Management intervention Structural intervention Increase productivity often means increase profit ( $$$)

Intervention to system Structural Intervention Redesign of physical environment Build new infrastructure New engine Installation of barrier Generally for ABIOTIC factor Management Intervention Rescheduling of processing time Better monitoring Organize the worker Generally related to BIOTIC factor.

Processing limitation Biotic factors limitation METHOD IN PROFIT MAKING($$$). BIOSYSTEM PRODUCTIVITY. ( SIMPLIFIED SOLUTION.) OUTPUT Processing limitation ABIOTIC $$$$$$$$$$ BIOTIC ABIOTIC Factors Limitation Biotic factors limitation Input Limitation INPUT Reduction

ABIOTIC Factor Limiting BIOTIC Factor Limiting METHOD To increase PRODUCTIVITY. Analytical framework for system design and Improvement. ( SIMPLIFIED SOLUTION.) MAX OUTPUT PROCESSING LOST Efficient processing Crop biological potential ABIOTIC Factor Limiting $$$$$$$$$$ BIOTIC Factor Limiting Good Infrastructure, climatic control MIN INPUT COSTLY

Harvest on hot/dry days METHOD To IMPROVEME SYSTEM PERFORMANCE ROLE OF WATER MANAGEMENT. ( SIMPLIFIED SOLUTION.) OUTPUT Harvest on hot/dry days Yield limit due wet condition Water Management Problems Crop biological potential $$$$$$$$$$ Inadequate Basic plant Water Requirement Good Irrigation & Drainage Infra. INPUT WATER COST Minimize Water use

WATER the most Limiting factor to Plant growth ( Primary Productivity) Without water no Photosynthesis, no life. In Plant growth adequate water must be met to ensure optimum growth Availability of water is express in term Soil moisture ,meeting full plant requirement Inadequate water lead to Plant Stress Referred as Abiotic stress or Environmental Stress

Soil moisture , meeting full plant requirement Meeting potential transpiration If PAW is inadequate transpiration is suboptimal  so is growth under stress. Relationship Transpiration ( T) and Yield [Y]( Biological Productivity, Dry Matter)

Relationship T & Y Ypot = Tpot Yact= Tact Yact/Ypot= Tact/Tpot. Reduction in Yield = ( 1- Tact/Tpot)

Evapotranspiration Evaporation from soil surface of crop area And Transpiration from the crop Under field condition Yield [Y] ~ Evapotranspiration [ ET] Ypot ~ET pot Yact ~ ET act

Yact/Ypot = ETact/ ETpot Ypot- Yact = 1- ETact/ETpot)

Yield Reduction due to Water Deficit Non Limiting Vegetative Grain Filling Booting All stages Yield Reduction due to Water Deficit

Structural Intervention in High Density Mango Orchard by introduction of micro irrigation To reduce crop water stress.

Yield Component Analysis Output = yield Immediate input to yield is the COMPONENTS to make up the Yield. Yield component analysis shows components limiting the potential yield due to abiotic stress. Objectives :to redesign the production process to increase final harvest (Yield) by input manipulation.

Yield Component Analysis Yield = mass / unit area; mass/ unit time; volume / time or area Example: Rice (grain) 10 ton/hectare ( 10 t/ha) kg/m2,

Yield Component Analysis No of Plant / unit Area ( m2)= A No of panicles / plant = B No of fruit /panicles = C Average weight of fruit (kg) = D Yield sample Area Yield = AxBxCxD = Ykg/m2 Yield /ha = 10000 Y [ 10000m2 = 1 ha. A B

Yield Component Analysis SIMPLIFIED YIELD ESTIMATE: RICE Number of Panicles /unit area= A Average Grain Wt /panicles (kg) = D Yield sample Area Yield = AxD = Ykg/m2 Yield /ha = 10000 Y [ 10 000m2 = 1 ha.] A D= Grain weight /panicles