Driving Forces of Evolution 1. Genetic Change 2. Natural Selection 3. Reproductive Isolation 4. Variable Fluctuation – “life is not static”

1-Variation & Heritability

1- Sources of Genetic Variation

2-Artificial Selection Did not drive evolution!!!

2-Natural Selection

3-Reproductive Isolation

3 - Founder Population & Genetic Drift

4 - Genetic Drift

4 - Bottleneck

4 – Speed:

4 - Mass Extinctions 5 recorded mass extinctions 1.Ordovician (440mya) - 50% of animal families – land plants absorbing CO2 – same dominant life after 2.Devonian (360mya) - 30% of animal families – meteor/volcanoes 3.Permian (250mya) - 50% of animal families, including 95% of marine species - volcanoes 4.Triassic (210mya) - 35% of animal families – meteor/volcanoes 5.Cretaceous (65mya) - 60% of animal families = meteor Recovery Time 1.Ordovician - 25 million years 2.Devonian - 30 million years 3.Permian million years 4.Triassic million years 5.Cretaceous - 20 million years Many other minor extinctions Background Extinction

Measurement - Hardy Weinberg Principle Hardy Weinberg principle – if allele frequency changes than evolution is taking place. right side = no evolution 1.Non-random mating random mating 2.Small Population Size large 3.Immigration & Emigration------none 4.Mutations none 5.Natural Selection none