1 Integrating the NRE Project Insights Bill Reimer Click on for the data behind the claims and View Notes Page for Speakers Notes

2 Lessons (1) Working Proposition Community Capacity is a function of assets (or liabilities) and the ability of communities to recognize and (re)organize those assets to achieve their valued outcomes.

3 ASSETS and LIABILITIES Economic Capital Human Skills and Abilities Social Capital Natural Resources OUTCOMES Economic wealth Social and political inclusion Social Cohesion Environmental security Social and self- worth Health Personal Security outcomes can become new assets and liabilities PROCESSES Market Bureaucratic Associative Communal

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5 Gaps Formal-Informal economy Formal-Informal economy  Rural women relatively disadvantaged by participation in informal economy Municipal financing Municipal financing  Resources greater constraint on discretion than autonomy Social capital Social capital  Relational frameworks and context related to particular outcomes Capacity Capacity  Potential, level and group dependent, outcomes may be positive or negative

6 Activities Social capital papers (2) Social capital papers (2) Capacity paper Capacity paper Municipal finances paper Municipal finances paper Social economy paper Social economy paper Social support paper Social support paper CSD Trajectories CSD Trajectories Cleaning and archiving: data, documentation, 2006 census data, NRE ‘Scrap book’ Cleaning and archiving: data, documentation, 2006 census data, NRE ‘Scrap book’

7 Integrating the NRE Project Insights The Canadian Rural Revitalization Foundation nre.concordia.ca /04/29

8 Market Associative Communal Bureaucratic Normative Systems Market-based: Contractual, short-term, supply and demand E.g. commerce, labour, housing, trade Bureaucratic-based: Rationalized roles, principles E.g. government, law, corporations Associative-based: Shared interests E.g. recreation, charity, religious groups Communal-based: Generalized reciprocity, identity, birth E.g. families, cultural groups, gangs

9 Social Capital in Action

10 Lessons (2) Social Capital Available social capital is not always used Available social capital is not always used  Opportunities for community development Social capital types most often used in combination Social capital types most often used in combination  Indirect and concerted programs may be more effective Context matters Context matters  Local consultation and control are critical

11 Learning (3) – SoKp and Soco

12 Learning (4) Social economy Social economy mostly small, volunteer- based organizations in our sites Social economy mostly small, volunteer- based organizations in our sites Site contexts are related to the types of social economy organizations Site contexts are related to the types of social economy organizations Use of social capital and participation in social economy are related (variously) Use of social capital and participation in social economy are related (variously)

13 CSD Trajectories - Employment High 12% Med4% Low10% 3% 2%

14 Learning (5) - Municipalities Access to resources major challenge Access to resources major challenge Increasing taxes major obstacle to fund- raising in small municipalities Increasing taxes major obstacle to fund- raising in small municipalities Small municipalities face different challenges than large Small municipalities face different challenges than large

15 Learning – Informal Economy Functions of Informal Economy Functions of Informal Economy  Safety net  Buffer for structural changes  Capacity builder  Support for social inclusion Formal-Informal economy mix Formal-Informal economy mix  Self-employment increases women’s informal economy load, but decreases men’s  Self-employment increases non-metro women’s informal economy load, but decreases metro women’s

16 Correlation between Types of AVAILABLE Social Capital: Site-level BureaucraticAssociativeCommunal Market.76**.84**.29 Bureaucratic.87**.12 Associative.13 (r) 19 sites – raw sums with skewed variables logged ** p<.01 Source: NRE Site Profiles 2000 ReturnNext

17 How Do Systems Inter-relate? BureaucraticAssociativeCommunal Market Bureaucratic Associative.29 Correlations between types of social capital used (1995 NRE Households) p <.01 Return

18 Available Social Capital is not always Used Correlation (r) Available Social Capital Used Social Capital MarketBureaucraticAssociativeCommunal Market.12**.22**.20**-.18** Bureaucratic.08**.14**.09**.09** Associative.21**.35**.28**.07** Communal.05* NRE HH Survey (N=1849) ** p<.01; * p<.05; Social Capital Used within 30 minutes of site Return

19 Social relations most often used in combination NRE Household survey 2001; 1995 respondents Return

20 Multiple Pathways Bureaucratic Available Associative Used +.35 Market Used +.22 Associative Used Market Used Associative Available

21 Context Matters Correlation (r) Available Social Capital Used Social Capital MarketBureaucraticAssociativeCommunal Market.12**.22**.20**-.18** Bureaucratic.08**.14**.09**.09** Associative.21**.35**.28**.07** Communal.05* NRE HH Survey (N=1849) ** p<.01; * p<.05; Social Capital Used within 30 minutes of site Not Adjacent:.18 Adjacent: ns Low Capacity:.19 High Capacity: -.13 Stable:.25 Fluctuating:.11 Local: ns Global:.16

22 Context Matters (Metro Adjacency) Correlation (r) Available Social Capital Used Social Capital MarketBureaucraticAssociativeCommunal Market NAdj.36**.40**.43**-.31** Adj.-.09**-.08*-.07*-.16** Bureaucratic NAdj.19**.18**.18**ns Adj.nsnsns.13** Associative NAdj.42**.53**.52**-.22** Adj.ns.09**ns.17** Communal NAdj.11**.11**.14**ns Adj.-.18**-.08**-.22**ns NRE HH Survey (N=1849) ** p<.01; * p<.05; Social Capital Used within 30 minutes of site Return

23 Context Matters HH Income by Associative Social Capital and Global Exposure The use of social capital increases HH incomes …but not if exposure to the global economy is low Public expenditure on associative social capital will have higher impact in globally exposed sites NRE HH Survey 2001 (N=1698) Adj. R 2 =.04

24 Available Social Capital is not always Used Correlation (r) Available Social Capital Used Social Capital MarketBureaucraticAssociativeCommunal Market.12** Bureaucratic.14** Associative.28** Communal.05* NRE HH Survey (N=1849) ** p<.01; * p<.05; Social Capital Used within 30 minutes of site

25 Characteristics of Social Economy Organizations

26 Correlations between Social Economy Characteristics (Site list) Democratic Service Ethic Legal Structure Non- government > 20% from sales -.68** **.76** Democratic **-.76** Service Ethic Legal Structure 0.1

27 Type of social economy organizations (full NRE sample = 295 organizations)

28 Types of organizations used by HH respondents (N=1363) Responses > 20% from sales Democratic Service Ethic Legal Structure Non- gov’t Yes Probabily Probably Not No Don’t Know

29 Correlations between social economy characteristics (HH survey) Democratic Service Ethic Legal Structure Non-gov’t >20% from sales.09(1108) -.95** (1141).28** (1071).35** (1059) Democratic.94** (1130).96** (1084) -.59** (1045) Service Ethic.88** (1092) -.17 (1077) Legal Structure -.66** (1013)

30 Type of social economy organizations (HH survey)

31 Correlations: HH charactersitics by Use of social economy services HH Characteristic NarrowBroad Young adults in HH -.13** Seniors in HH.10** At least 1 person empl -.06** Volunteer in site.19**.72** Volunteer outside site.06**.33** HH income.09** Educ of respondent.07**.12** Political action.12**.26** Use community services -.09** SoCo (perceived).08**.22** SoCo (behaviour).14**.41**

32 No. of Sites with Social Economy Organizations (20 sites) NarrowBroadBoth At least 1 SE Organization No SE Organization 785

33 Correlations: NRE SF dimensions and social economy organizations NarrowBroad Global exposure -.06*.05* Stable economy -.13** Metro adjacency.11** Institutional capacity.07** Leading status.06*

34 Correlations: Use of social capital and involvement in social economy NarrowBroad Market.06*.13** Bureaucratic.05*.23** Associative.19**.57** Communal.05*.13** # non-HH persons shared food.09**

35 Policy Goals and priorities defining public interest Goals and priorities defining public interest Measures to achieve those goals Measures to achieve those goals Research What are the trends, drivers, and processes conditioning those goals? What are the trends, drivers, and processes conditioning those goals? What are the most effective measures to achieve them? What are the most effective measures to achieve them? What are the likely outcomes? What are the likely outcomes?

36 Rural Vision Rural is under stress Rural is under stress Urban dominance will grow Urban dominance will grow Rural-Urban interdependence remains Rural-Urban interdependence remains  Food, water, environment Goals: Vital, safe, sustainable rural Canada Goals: Vital, safe, sustainable rural Canada Strategic options Strategic options  Build economic capacity  Build Rural-Urban connectedness  Build local governance capacity

37 Challenges and Opportunities Remote: declining population Remote: declining population Mid-sized: population change and limited resources Mid-sized: population change and limited resources Metro-adjacent: absorption and conflicting lifestyles Metro-adjacent: absorption and conflicting lifestyles All All  Global competition  Knowledge importance  New rules Connectedness Networks among rural places (social capital) Networks within places (social cohesion)

38 Hypotheses 1.All 4 forms are necessary 2.Market and Bureaucratic critical in New Economy 3.Rural communities strongest in Associative and Communal Implications Build Market and Bureaucratic Co-ops well placed

39 Many structures of networks Bonding Linking Bridging

40 Infinite content to networks

41 Available Social Capital is not always Used Correlation (r) Available Social Capital Used Social Capital MarketBureaucraticAssociativeCommunal Market.12**.22**.20**-.18** Bureaucratic.08**.14**.09** Associative.21**.35**.28**.07** Communal.05* NRE HH Survey (N=1849) ** p<.01; * p<.05; Social Capital Used within 30 minutes of site

42 Context Matters (Metro Adjacency) Correlation (r)Available Social Capital Used Social Capital MarketBureaucraticAssociativeCommunal Market NAdj.36**.40**.43**-.31** Adj. -.09**-.08*-.07*-.16** Bureaucratic NAdj.19**.18** ns Adj. ns.13** Associative NAdj.42**.53**.52**-.22** Adj. ns.09**ns.17** Communal NAdj.11**.14**ns Adj. -.18**-.08**-.22**ns NRE HH Survey (N=1849) ** p<.01; * p<.05; Social Capital Used within 30 minutes of site

43 Market Associative Communal Bureaucratic High Capacity = Agility with all systems Normative Systems

44 Lessons (2) Available social capital is not always used Available social capital is not always used The normative structure of social capital conditions its relationships with the various outcomes The normative structure of social capital conditions its relationships with the various outcomes High social capital use increases incomes High social capital use increases incomes High social cohesion (behaviour measured) increases incomes High social cohesion (behaviour measured) increases incomes

45 Connections and Networks Structure: With whom are you connected? Structure: With whom are you connected? Content: What brings you together? Content: What brings you together? Norms: What guides your relationship? Norms: What guides your relationship? How can policy enhance or inhibit the formation of connections?

46 Bureaucratic Norms and Connections Bureaucratic Bureaucratic  Fairness and Accountability Associative Associative  Commitment to shared interest Partnerships can be problematic Partnerships can be problematic Bureaucratic Accommodation Multiple venues for communication Associative-appropriate competition procedures Support for proposals and accountability Long term funding for capacity-building

47 Implications for Policy and Programs Build and facilitate networks Build and facilitate networks Respect and work with partners’ norms Respect and work with partners’ norms Work with and support existing networks Work with and support existing networks Increase local and regional control and resources Increase local and regional control and resources