In 19th Century Europe: part 1 History of the Modern World Nationalism In 19th Century Europe: part 1 Germany France Alfred Dreyfus being stripped of rank in a public ceremony, 1895

Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Section 1: Building a German Nation, pp. 692-695 Objectives: Identify several events that promoted German unity during the early 1800s. Explain how Bismarck unified Germany. Analyze the basic political organization of the new German empire. Witness History Audio: Blood and Iron (#4) Taking Initial Steps Toward Unity When Napoleon’s conquests and eventual defeat changed the power structure of the German states, some Germans began to call for unification. In 1848, liberals demanded German political unity and offered Prussian ruler Frederick William IV the throne, which he declined. Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals. After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “What’s the main idea of Bismarck’s speech?” (Military force is more effective than slow political change or reform) “Based on the picture and speech, what kind of leader do you think Bismarck will be?” (Sample: strong, forceful, and aggressive.) When showing Color Transparency 131, ask: “What did they name the new empire?” (the Second Reich) “What does that name suggest?” (Its founders had grand ambitions; they expected to dominate Europe and last a long time.) Note Taking Transparency 138 1 of 5

Section 1: Building a German Nation Bismarck Unites Germany When Otto von Bismarck became chancellor, he united the German states under Prussian rule. He built up the Prussian army and aggressively won provinces from Denmark and north German states under the control of Austria. Then Prussia defeated Napoleon III’s forces in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. Color Transparency 131: Event Leading to German Unification Birth of the German Empire William I of Prussia became Kaiser and declared the birth of the Second Reich. When showing Color Transparency 131, ask: “What did they name the new empire?” (the Second Reich) “What does that name suggest?” (Its founders had grand ambitions; they expected to dominate Europe and last a long time.) Geography Interactive: Unification of Germany, 1865-1871 Progress Monitoring Transparency QuickTake Section Quiz 2 of 5

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Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Section 2: Germany Strengthens, pp 696-699 Objectives: Describe how Germany became an industrial giant. Explain how Bismarck was called the Iron Chancellor. List the policies of Kaiser William II. Witness History Audio: The New German Empire (#4) Germany Becomes and Industrial Giant Unified Germany’s natural resources and educated workforce led to fast industrial development. The coordination of railroads and reorganization of the banking system improved the economy. Scientists developed new products for industrial uses. Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals. After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “What is the main idea of von Treitschke’s article?” (The territories of Alsace and Lorraine rightfully belong to Germany.) “What does this suggest about the newly united Germany?” (that it will try to grow in size and power) Note Taking Transparency 139 1 of 5

Section 2: Germany Strengthens The Iron Chancellor German chancellor Otto von Bismarck tried to stifle opposition from within Germany. He wanted Catholics to put the state above the Church and had laws passed that allowed the state control over Catholic education and expelled the Jesuits from Prussia, among other things. To keep socialists at bay, he banned their newspapers and meetings. In the end, both groups rallied enough support to cause Bismarck to change his ways. Witness History Audio: Kaiser William II (#4) Kaiser William II In a bid for absolute power, the new Kaiser, William II, asked Bismarck to resign. His nationalism and military buildup increased the tensions that led to World War I. Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals. After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “What is the main idea of von Treitschke’s article?” (The territories of Alsace and Lorraine rightfully belong to Germany.) “What does this suggest about the newly united Germany?” (that it will try to grow in size and power) When showing Color Transparency 132, ask “What does this painting indicate about Bismarck’s role in Germany’s new position in Europe?” (He will play a central role.) “What generalization can be made about the predominance of military uniforms in the scene?” (Military strength was important.) Color Transparency 132: The Proclamation of Wilhem as Kaiser of the New German Reich Progress Monitoring Transparency QuickTake Section Quiz

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Color Transparency 132: The Proclamation of Wilhelm as Kaiser of the New German Reich When showing Color Transparency 132, ask “What does this painting indicate about Bismarck’s role in Germany’s new position in Europe?” (He will play a central role.) “What generalization can be made about the predominance of military uniforms in the scene?” (Military strength was important.) The coronation of Williams I as King (Kaiser) of the newly united Germany took place at the palace of Versailles in 1871. This oil painting of the event but the German historical painter Anton von Werner shows William (center on steps) surrounded by officials and saluting soldiers within the Hall of Mirrors. The man in white coat is Bismarck. Bismarck had difficulty getting William to accept the crown. He ended up bribing Ludwig II of Bavaria, a trusted friend of William, to help him. Bismarck had Ludwig write a letter to William urging him to accept the throne. Shortly afterwards William agreed to become Wm I of the Second German Reich. (The first was that founded by the descendants of Charlemagne – Otto.) This coronation painting was the zenith of Bismarck’s achievement and symbolizes Germany’s unification.

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Growth of Western Democracies Section 3: Division and Democracy in France, pp 733-738 Objectives: List the domestic and foreign policies of Napoleon III. Analyze the impact of the Dreyfus affair and other challenges to the Third Republic. Describe the French government’s steps toward reform in the early 1900s. Witness History Audio: Vive la France! (#4) Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals. After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “What does Clemenceau mean when he says, ‘children of the Revolution’?” (The French Revolution of 1789) When showing Color Transparency 139, have students take the role of a Parisian proud of the improvements that Napoleon III made to the city. Have them write a letter to a relative in the country describing the grandeur of the buildings and streets. When showing Color Transparency 140, use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide discussion. France Under Napoleon III Napoleon III eventually extended some democratic rights to French citizens, but many of them lived in poverty, which was exacerbated by the Franco-Prussian War and the siege of Paris. Color Transparency 139: 19th Century Paris After Urban Renewal 1 of 7

Section 3: Division and Democracy in France Note Taking Transparency 158 Challenges of the Third Republic Civil war erupted in 1871 as a result of the conditions that ended the Franco-Prussian War. The Third Republic emerged with a two-house legislature that gave power to a premier. A multitude of parties led to a coalition government that was unstable. Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals. After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “What does Clemenceau mean when he says, ‘children of the Revolution’?” (The French Revolution of 1789) When showing Color Transparency 139, have students take the role of a Parisian proud of the improvements that Napoleon III made to the city. Have them write a letter to a relative in the country describing the grandeur of the buildings and streets. When showing Color Transparency 140, use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide discussion. Anti-Semitism and the Dreyfus Affair The rise of anti-Semitism in Europe was evidenced in the Dreyfus affair in which a Jewish army officer was accused of spying for Germany. The Dreyfus case and Russian pogroms led to the establishment of the modern Zionist movement.

Section 3: Division and Democracy in France Reforms in France The Dreyfus Affair led to a campaign to reduce the power of the Roman Catholic Church, which had supported the condemnation of Dreyfus, and led also to a lack of support for women’s suffrage, for fear that women would vote for Church causes. Looking Ahead The French were eager to avenge their losses in the Franco-Prussian War and their chance would come with the start of World War I. Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals. After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “What does Clemenceau mean when he says, ‘children of the Revolution’?” (The French Revolution of 1789) When showing Color Transparency 139, have students take the role of a Parisian proud of the improvements that Napoleon III made to the city. Have them write a letter to a relative in the country describing the grandeur of the buildings and streets. When showing Color Transparency 140, use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide discussion. Progress Monitoring Transparency QuickTake Section Quiz 3 of 7

France: Division and Democracy Taking into consideration the objectives and the terms of the this section (pp 733) answer the following: What were the domestic policies of the Second Empire? What were the foreign policies of the Second Empire? What kind of government did France have under Napoleon III and how did it come to an end? What kind of government followed and what reforms did it undertake? How did the Franco-Prussian War increase internal divisions in France? What is the evidence? What did the Dreyfus Affair reveal about internal divisions in France? What is the evidence? Explain in the context of the 19th century: anti-Semitism, Zionism and by extension, the consequences of these movements. Domestic policies: censored press Napoleon promoted large-scale ventures such as industrial investment, particularly in railroads and urban renewal.. Foreign policies: Napoleon tried to place an Austrian Habsburg on throne of Mexico and turn it into a French satellite –costly disaster. Nap. Meddled in Italy to discourage Austria with Italy then becoming a rival on France’s border. Biggest disaster – Franco-Prussian War. On surface Second Empire was a constitutional monarchy but was in fact a dictatorship. Napoleon had power to appoint his cabinet, the upper house of the legislature, and many officials, who “managed” elections. although there was some easing of controls in 1860s with legislature given more power. A constitution was issued that extended democratic rights. With Napoleon’s capture, the provisional gov’t established the 3rd republic in 1871 that lasted for 70 years. War brought out into the open deep-seated social/political tensions (Paris and rest of country, middle and upper vs. urban working class, right vs. left, catholic vs. secular) Evidence: executions, construction of sacre coeur. Divided country between those seeking to create a more equitable, modern society vs. those who saw Jews and any who differed from older traditions. A backlash against the 3rd Republic.

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Color Transparency 139: 19th Century Paris After Urban Renewal

Color Transparency 140: Barricade at the Rue de Flandre During the Paris Commune

Humilitated and Divided France Humilitated and Divided B Basilique du Sacré Cœur With its origins in the aftermath of the French Revolution among ultra-Catholics and legitimist royalists,[1] developed more widely in France after the Franco-Prussian War and the ensuing uprising of the Paris Commune of 1870-71. Though today it is asserted to be dedicated in honor of the 58,000 who lost their lives during the war, the decree of the Assemblée nationale, 24 July 1873, responding to a request by the archbishop of Paris by voting its construction, specifies that it is to "expiate the crimes of the communards"[2]. Montmartre had been the site of the Commune's first insurrection, and many hard-core communards were forever entombed in the subterranean galleries of former gypsum mines where they had retreated, by explosives detonated at the entrances by the Army of Versailles. Hostages had been executed on both sides, and the Communards had executed Georges Darboy, Archbishop of Paris, who became a martyr for the resurgent Catholic Church. His successor Guibert, climbing the Butte Montmartre in October 1872, was reported to have had a vision, as clouds dispersed over the panorama: "It is here, it is here where the martyrs are,[3] it is here that the Sacred Heart must reign so that it can beckon all to come".[4]

How did the Paris Commune and the Dreyfus Affair heighten divisions in France?

Identify briefly 5 of the following: 1871 1848 Zionism Napoleon III’s Domestic Policies Libel Dreyfus Affair