Lesson 1 1. The Declaration proclaimed equal rights for all men, access to public office based on talent, an end to the nobles' and clergy's exemptions from taxes, freedom of speech and the press, and an end to arbitrary arrests. It was passed by the National Assembly on August 26, It was the first time in 175 years the Estates-General had met. The king convened it only because the country was on the verge of financial collapse. When the Third Estate demanded that each deputy have one vote, the king resisted, so the Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly and drafted a constitution.

Lesson 2 3. The Reign of Terror was a system set up by the Committee of Public Safety in which revolutionary courts prosecuted counterrevolutionaries and traitors, killing almost 40,000 people. After Robespierre was guillotined in 1794, the Jacobins lost power and more moderate middle-class leaders took control. 4. It achieved more stability by separating the government into two elected legislative houses. A Directory of five people was the executive authority. The Directory, however, was corrupt.

Lesson 3 5. The Code's principles included equality of all citizens before the law; the right of the individual to choose a profession; religious tolerance; and the end of serfdom and all feudal obligations. 6. He held absolute power. Specifically, he appointed officials, controlled the army, conducted foreign affairs, and influenced the legislature.

Lesson 4 7. European leaders who had defeated Napoleon met to arrange peace. They intended to restore the old order, including restoring royal families to power. Their goal was to limit changes from the French Revolution. 8. To try to maintain the balance of power, the great powers rearranged territories in Europe at the Congress of Vienna. They wanted to keep any one country from dominating Europe as France had done under Napoleon.

21st Century Skills 9. The Committee violently rooted out those who opposed revolution. Its policies encouraged the Reign of Terror, and finally led the National Convention to reduce the Committee's power in The Continental System was Napoleon's scheme to undermine Britain's economy by stopping British goods from reaching Europe. It was not effective because Napoleon's allies began to cheat and others resisted. Furthermore, new markets in the Middle East and in Latin America gave Britain other outlets for its goods. 11. Liberalism, a political philosophy that grew out of the Enlightenment, held that people should be free from government restraint. Liberals emphasized civil liberties, like equality before the law and freedom of assembly, speech, and the press, to protect individuals. By contrast, conservatism predates the Enlightenment. It is based on tradition and obedience to political authority and organized religion.

Exploring the Essential Question 13. Napoleon believed that hiring and promotion should be based on talent, not on a person's social class. He refers to these views in the first sentence of the quotation. He goes on to advise getting rid of any trace of serfdom and hierarchies in social class. 14. The nobles would likely not be pleased that anyone was lecturing them about what their people wanted. They would feel threatened because more power and better-paying jobs for commoners would mean less power and less money for the ruling class.

Chapter Summary Revolutions are unique in their details, many revolutions follow similar patterns. Discuss with students some of the important transitional points of the pattern, such as the initial overthrow of the government and the subsequent inability of the new government to fulfill the revolutionary ideals, and the period of crisis that results from radical control.

Discussion Why do revolutions happen? (People are unhappy with their government or that their needs are not being met.) What conditions must be present for a revolution to occur? (unrest among the people, a weak government, and a person or group of people seeking change are important for a revolution to take place.) Who leads a revolution? (a military leader or an outspoken revolutionary.) Who fights in a revolution? (common people or the military.) How would you define “revolution”? (a revolution is the use of violent force against the government. Others may say a revolution is any dramatic change in society and force is not necessary.)

Discussion Why do you think early revolutionary governments are often unable to meet the needs of the people? (The ideals they set as revolutionaries are difficult to accomplish quickly once they are in power.) What conditions allow radical reformers to take control? (frustration at the new government for not accomplishing its promised goals) Why do you think people accept a strong, dominant leader in the end? Is it because this leader is accomplishing the goals of the revolution, or because this person is bringing an end to a period of crisis and turmoil? By the end of the revolution, do you think the revolutionary ideals that were set forth at the beginning are usually met? (while some gains are usually made, it is unlikely that all of the goals have been met.)