Systems of Speech Anatomy of Articulation Respiratory, laryngeal, & supralaryngeal

Functions of the Speech Mechanism The speech mechanism has two functions: Biological function: breathing and eating Speech function: produce different configurations which make up different sounds. Speech is the end product of four processes that occur simultaneously and cooperatively (respiration, phonation, resonation, articulation).

Sublaryngeal/Subglottal Structures Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveolar Ducts Alveolar Sacs/alveoli Rib Cage/lungs Diaphragm Sublaryngeal structures contain organs of respiration necessary for speech production.

Basic Framework for respiration Sternum Ribs (12 paired sets) Clavicle Vertebral column Pelvis Framework provides support and protection for the lungs, heart, and respiratory muscles.

Framework

Ribs Protects heart At rest, ribs angle downward. During inhalation, can elevate to increase lung capacity. Cartilaginous attachments along sternum and vertebral column

Clavicle Commonly known as the collar bone. Provides a place of connection for accessory muscles of respiration.

Vertebral Column Vertebral column vs. spinal cord Sections: Cervical: C1-C7 Thoracic: T1-T12 Lumbar: L1-L5 Sacral:S1-S5 Coccygeal: fused

Pelvis Provides connection for legs and vertebral column Made up of: Ilium-supports abdominal muscles Sacrum Pubic bone: public symphysis

The Respiratory System Lungs, rib cage, abdomen, and associated muscles http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcsubmit.nsf/ImageLibrary2?Open&Start=59 Provides movement of air needed for speech All sounds in English language are produced on egressive air- outward We speak on exhaled air unless there is a disorder

Basic muscle info of breathing Diaphragm Muscles of the rib cage Known as intercostal muscles: Located between ribs External intercostals – Assist during inhalation Internal intercostals – Assist during exhalation Abdominal muscles: Help during forceful exhalation.

Abdominal Muscles

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP15104 http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=OTA1004 http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2002_general/Esp/folder_structure/ab/m1/s3/index.htm http://www.argosymedical.com/flash/Respiration/landing.html (overview)

Sublaryngeal Structures Trachea: windpipe; composed of cartilaginous rings; extends from larynx to bronchi. Bronchi: branches off from trachea into 2 divisions leading into the R & L lung. Bronchioles: smaller branches of bronchi.

Sublaryngeal Structures (con’t) Alveolar Ducts: place where bronchioles terminate. Alveolar Sacs: place where alveolar ducts terminate. Alveoli: in alveolar sacs; site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

Sublaryngeal Structures (con’t) Rib Cage: composed of 12 pairs of ribs Diaphragm: separates chest cavity from abdominal cavity.

Lungs, of course Lungs: Housed within the rib cage. Air filled sacs. Expand and shrink with movement of the rib cage.

Process of respiration In comes the air Air released into larynx & supralaryngeal area Controls loudness or changes needed for certain aspects of speech Breath groups usually coincide with syntactic rules/units http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcsubmit.nsf/ImageLibrary2?Open&Start=60

Larynx Contains: Vocal folds Glottis Epiglottis Thyroid cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Larynx: composed of cartilage and muscle; suspended from the hyoid bone.

How not to say Larynx http://www.entertonement.com/clips/9213/Jim-Carrey/Steve-Carell/Comedy/Yoga-with-my-Larynx-2

Hyoid Bone Horseshoe or boomerang shaped bone that the larynx is suspended from. The only free floating bone in the body.

The Laryngeal System ‘balloon’ ‘voice box’ Sits on top of the trachea Houses the vocal folds (muscles) Feel the vibrations (voices/unvoiced/devoiced) http://www.pitt.edu/~crosen/voice/anatomy2.html ‘balloon’

Cartilages of the Larynx Thyroid cartilage: Large and shield-like. Cricoid cartilage: Forms a ring and sits on the top of the trachea. Arytenoid cartilages: Paired triangular shaped cartilages in the back. Sit on top of the cricoid cartilage. Epiglottis: Leaf-shaped cartilage that folds back to protect the opening of the larynx during swallowing.

Helpful Links http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_cricoarytenoid_muscle http://home.comcast.net/~wnor/lesson11.htm http://www.entusa.com/larynx_photo.htm Normal vocal folds as well as disordered http://www.medicalook.com/human_anatomy/organs/Larynx.html

Larynx – Vocal Folds Vocal Folds: muscles and connective tissue that attach anteriorly to thyroid cartilage and posteriorly to arytenoid cartilages (allow folds to open and close). http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/linguistics/faciliti/demos/vocalfolds/vocalfolds.htm Vocal folds vibrate (phonation) to produce voicing, needed for speech.

Larynx – Vocal Folds Abducted (open): for phonation of voiceless sounds; for normal inhalation/exhalation. Adducted (closed): for phonation of voiced sounds; also closes trachea to create pressure for heavy lifting, labor, and defecation. http://cspeech.ucd.ie/~fred/teaching/oldcourses/phonetics/glottis.html All vowels and most consonants are voiced in American English.

More about Vocal Folds The front attachment is fixed The arytenoid cartilages move in relation to the movement of the vocal folds. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9Wdf-RwLcs

Real picture – Yikes!! http://www.voicedoctor.net/media/video/female.html

Larynx - Glottis Glottis: space between the vocal folds. Sounds produced at glottis: /h, ʔ/ Cartilages – Thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid Epiglottis- leaf-like cartilage below root of tongue and at junction of oropharynx and laryngopharynx; covers entrance to the larynx; prevents food and liquid from going into the trachea.

Muscles of the Larynx These are the vocal fold adductors: Transverse (inter)arytenoid: Runs between the arytenoids Helps adduct Important for medial compression Medial compression Degree of force applied at the point of contact

Helpful link http://www.flashcardmachine.com/articulatory-resonatory-system.html print

More Adductors Oblique (inter)arytenoid: Superficial to transverse interarytenoids Run from muscular process of one to apex of the other arytenoid cartilage Helps with medial compression and pulls down epiglottis

Vocal Fold Abductor Posterior cricoarytenoid Only abductor Runs from posterior cricoid lamina to the muscular processes of arytenoid cartilage Pulls muscular process posteriorly, rocking arytenoid on axis

Vocal Fold Tensors Cricothyroid Primary tensor of vocal folds. Rocks thyroid cartilage forward Composed of two heads Pars recta: medial most portion Runs from cricoid cartilage to thyroid lamina Rocks thyroid downward Responsible for pitch change Pars oblique: Runs from cricoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage Slides thyroid forward

Action of the Crycothyroid Muscle

Vocal Fold Tensor Thyrovocalis muscles (medial portion of thyroarytenoid) Medial muscle of vocal folds Part of thyroarytenoid muscle Runs from thyroid cartilage to arytenoid vocal process Draws thyroid and cricoid apart anteriorly

Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles Digastricus Stylohyoid Mylohyoid Geniohyoid Genioglossus Hyoglossus

Laryngeal Depressors Sternothyroid Sternohyoid Omohyoid Thyrohyoid

Terms for the laryngeal system Fundamental frequency of the voice Rate of vocal fold vibration Hertz One complete cycle of vibration per second Hearing screenings – 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 Hz Intonation Natural changes in the pitch of the voice during sentences & conversations Questions, statements, exclamatory

Supralaryngeal System Above the larynx Modifies the vibrations coming from the vocal folds Pharyngeal, oral, & nasal cavities = The Vocal Tract

Diagram of Nasal, Oral, & Pharyngeal Cavities Basic supera lenga cavities. Trying to show bone structures.

Vocal Tract Pharyngeal cavity: Vertical tube at the posterior vocal tract Throat Oral cavity: Mouth Horizontal tube that runs anterior to posterior Nasal cavities: Horizontal cavities above the oral cavity. Resonators for nasal sounds. Vocal cords housed by lyrnx. 3 cartalges of the lyrnx are? The vocal cords are made up of two muscles? The furst tube that modifies your voice is the pharyngeal cavity. 3 cavities (test question)

Bones of the Face Mandible Maxilae Nasal bones Provide points of attachment for muscles of articulation. Mandible is the jaw. Maxilae is upper jaw bone above the lip.

Bones of the Cranium Frontal bones Parietal bones Occipital bones Temporal bones Protect the brain and provide points of articulation for muscles of articulation. Frontal is forhead.

Muscles of Face & Mouth Orbicularis oris: Risorius: Buccinator: Rounds the lips Risorius: Retracts lips at the corners and flattens cheeks Buccinator: Lip retraction and cheek depression http://www.dailyhaha.com/_pics/weird_monkey.htm What kind of muscles do you think he has to use?? Orbicularis oris is the main muscle of the mouth…the lips. It rounds the lips.

Muscles of the Face Buccinator retract cheaks. Those 3 are test questoins.

Muscles of the Face Levator labii superioris muscle: Upper lip elevator Zygomatic minor muscle: Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi: http://www.livevideo.com/video/Eddie-SouL/33D9C259D3344BBAB2E0B63285557037/elvis-presley-all-shook-up.aspx These muscles help your lips do this  All these are up lift lifters…don’t have to lable them but will need to know them for anatomy class.

More muscles of the face Zygomatic major: Elevates and retracts angle of the mouth Depressor labii inferioris muscle: Pulls lips down and out Depressor anguli oris muscle: Mentalis: Wrinkles chin and depresses lower lip These muscles supplement and arnt the main. Mentalis is a good muscle to know how to label. test

Muscles of the mouth For the: The Tongue Velum Mandible http://thediagram.com/3_6/some_of.html Tongue is the most important articulator…canot make clear speech without the tounge. Know where the syloid precess is. Gloss means tounge. KNOW THIS LINK!!!! WILL BE ON TEST

Styloglossus Runs from: styloid process of temporal bone to inferior sides of tongue Two portions: 1) Blends with inferior longitudinal 2) Blends with hyoglossus Function: Draws tongue back and up Helps get peanut butter off the roof of your mouth Good to remember. Will affect the swallow.

Genioglossus Genioglossus: Prime mover of the tongue Runs from: mandible to length of tongue and hyoid Function: Anterior: retraction of tongue Posterior: tongue protrusion Both: depresses tongue Genioglossus PRIME MOVER OF THE TONGUE. Help with souds like p and th.

Hyoglossus Hyoglossus: Superficial to genioglossus Deep to styloglossuss Antagonist to palatoglossus muscle Runs from: hyoid bone to lateral edges Function: Depresses sides of tongue Hypoglossus Help you say eeeeee

Palatoglossus Palatoglossus: Runs from velum to lateral edges of posterior tongue. Function: Elevates posterior tongue and/or depresses velum Also considered muscle of the velum Palatoglossus Not on test

Intrinsic Tongue Muscles Superior longitudinal Inferior longitudinal Transverse Vertical Don’t need to know these muscles

Superior Longitudinal Upper layer of tongue Runs from: hyoid and epiglottis to lingual apex. Function: lingual elevation and lateralization ‘sh’ and helps flatten the peanut butter against the roof of your mouth  Muscles that make up the INSIDE of the tongue. Lingual apex is the TIP OF YOU TONGUE.

Inferior Longitudinal Inferior layer of tongue Runs from: root and hyoid to apex Function: Pulls tip downward and/or lateral Some people put the tip high some low.

Intrinsic tongue muscles Transverse muscles: Intermediate to inferior and superior longitudinal muscles Runs from: median fibrous septum to lateral edges of tongue Function: Narrows tongue Vertical muscles: Interwoven with transverse muscles Run from base of tongue to cover Function: Flattens tongue Transverse muscle narrows tongue.

Pharyngeal Cavity Pharynx/Pharyngeal Cavity (pharyngeal/pharyngo): throat; extends from posterior portions of the nasal cavity downward through the back of the oral cavity to (but not including) the larynx.

Muscles of the Pharynx Superior Middle Inferior Cricopharyngeus Thyropharyngeus Don’t have to know this for the test

Nasal Cavity Nasal Cavity (nasal/naso): extends from nostrils (nares) to pharynx (throat). Receives inhaled air, filters air, warms air, and directs air toward trachea. Direction of sound travel is determined by the velum/soft palate “hanging door” Speech: provides resonance by opening/closing of velopharyngeal port. Open for nasal sounds Closed for vowels and non-nasal sounds

Oral Cavity – Velum Velum (velo/velar): soft palate, forms posterior roof of oral cavity; composed of muscle and connective tissue covered in mucous membrane; continuous with hard palate. Prevents food and fluid from entering the nasal cavity. Speech: necessary in producing 3 nasal sounds (/m, n, ŋ/), and tongue contact for other consonants The ka sound is making contact with the velum also called the solf palate. Hard palate is the rough part of the roof of your mouth.

Muscles of the Velum Levator veli palatini Tensor veli palatini Elevates the velum to seal off the nasal cavities. Closed for most English sounds except for the nasals. Uvula hangs from it. Tensor veli palatini Tenses the velum and flattens it Dilates the eustachian tube

Oral Cavity – Velum (con’t) Uvula: “little grape,” small fleshy mass “the hangy thing” Velopharyngeal Port: opening that connects the nasal and oral cavity; velum assists in opening/closing this port by making contact with pharyngeal wall. If you see it deformed in any way it hints that there could be something wrong in the ear or velum or something else associated with that stage of development.

Sounds Produced by the Velum Lingua-velar: tongue + velum /k, g, ŋ/ Nasals /m, n, ŋ/

More on modifiers of the sounds Articulators Make the sounds http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/linguistics/russell/138/sec1/anatomy.htm Mandible (jaw) Contributes to tongue & lower lip movements vowels

Mandible Elevators: Protrusion: Depressors: Masseter Temporalis Medial pterygoid Protrusion: Lateral pterygoid Depressors: Digastricus Mylohyoid Geniohyoid Platysma

Supraglottal/Supralaryngeal Structures Nasal Cavity Pharyngeal Cavity Oral Cavity Lips Teeth Alveolar Ridge Hard Palate Velum Tongue Mandible These are the basic structures we will be talking about.

Oral Cavity - Lips Lips (labio/labial): bounded by cheeks, chin, and nose; composed of muscles and tissues. Helps receive and hold food & fluids. Speech: lips change position for vowels (rounded, neutral, spread) and consonants. Biological functions are most important.

Sounds Produced by Lips Bilabial: both lips /p, b, m, w/ Labiodental: lip + teeth /f, v/ Wah- elabeo vealor

Oral Cavity - Teeth Teeth (dento/dental) Aids in cutting and grinding of food. Speech: passive, but important for sounds involving “lip & teeth” and “tongue & teeth.”

Sounds Produced by the Teeth Labio-dental: lip + teeth /f, v/ Lingua-dental: tongue + teeth /ɵ, ð/

Oral Cavity – Alveolar Ridge Alveolar Ridge (alveolo/alveolar): teeth are contained in the alveolar ridge in the maxilla and mandible; gum ridges/alveolar processes. Aids for tongue contact during swallowing. Speech: place for tongue contact for some of the consonants.

Sounds Made at Alveolar Ridge Lingua-alveolar: lip + alveolar ridge /t, d, s, z, n, l/

Oral Cavity – Hard Palate Hard Palate (palato/palatal) – forms anterior roof of oral cavity; composed of bony tissue and covered by mucous membrane. Helps contain food in oral cavity Speech: contact place for consonants and oral cavity shaping for vowels

Sounds Involving the Hard Palate Lingual-palatal: tongue + hard palate /ʃ, ʧ, ʒ, ʤ, r, j/

Oral Cavity – Mandible Mandible (mandibular/mandibulo): lower jaw; attaches to tip and blade of tongue by frenum. Provides rotary action for chewing. Speech: Raises and lowers for vowel articulation.

Tongue MOST IMPORTANT ARTICULATOR Muscular structure Parts of tongue Root – forms front wall of pharynx Body Bulk of mass of the tongue Vowel descriptors Tip Most visible part Important in clarity of speech Blade – just behind tip /sh/ Dorsum Back/ /k/ & /g/ As the body modifies it makes various vowel sounds.

Lips Upper & lower Important articulators Bilabial sounds Labiodental sounds vowels Bilabial sound would be p v