Urbanization & Land Use Ecology & Design E.G. Arias et al October 12, 2004

Today’s Agenda Announcements –Test 1 –Next Lecture – Energy & Sustainability, Dr. Dave Schaller, EPA Conclude Primer Conclude Primer Urbanization and Land Use Planning

Population Growth, Cities & Urban Growth

POPULATION GROWTH Exponential growth rate over the past 200 years Up to B Up to B Up to B  0.7B increase  4.3B increase URBANIZATION  CONCENTRATION IN CITIES Approximately half of the 6B people lived in cities in 2000 Projections indicate that 49.3% of the total world population will live in urban centers of all Developing countries by 2015 Cities, Population & World Trends: The Less Developed and Developing Nations

, Cities, Population & World Trends: The Less Developed and Developing Nations URBANIZATION RATES less than.3B around 3B (UNCHS, 2001b) URBANIZATION RATES ARE UNEVENLY DISTRIBUTED Industrialized nations: decline to from 1.1%  0.6% between 1995 and 2015, Least Developed nations: as much as 4.6% annual urbanization rates projected to 2015

Cities, Population & World Trends: The Less Developed and Developing Nations (continued) GLOBALIZATION : A new trend evolving from the economic sector Inevitable outcomes social exclusion - increase the “probability of land speculation, and therefore, of increased land prices” (UNCHS, 2001a). Human development - such trend, without institutional interventions, most likely will increase difficulties for the urban poor in less developed and developing nations Protect and repair the environment - is precisely in these countries were squatter communities are now home from 30 to 60 percent of their urban populations

Planning in the Third World ’s –1st and 2nd worlds –3rd world - everything else 75% of the human race UN HABITAT –Developed –Developing –Less Developed Future challenges – Poverty and … –Housing is the major concern –Food –Transportation –Water –Energy –Environment - Air –Education Evolution of Views about Planning in the World

Urban Form Classical Theories of urban form (at city level) Concentric Growth Theory (E. Burgess, 1925): tries to explain the patterns of sociological phenomena in Chicago, and how a city with a main CBD expands through rings of residential growth in all directions from it; Concentric Growth Theory (E. Burgess, 1925): tries to explain the patterns of sociological phenomena in Chicago, and how a city with a main CBD expands through rings of residential growth in all directions from it; Multi-sector Theory (H. Hoyt, 1939): extended the concentric theory and explains how similar types of land use are developed along transportation axes; Multi-sector Theory (H. Hoyt, 1939): extended the concentric theory and explains how similar types of land use are developed along transportation axes; Multiple nuclei Theory (Harris and Ullman, 1945): growth takes place around different urban centers (historic or contemporary) approximating a constellation pattern of development. Multiple nuclei Theory (Harris and Ullman, 1945): growth takes place around different urban centers (historic or contemporary) approximating a constellation pattern of development.

Planning / Design scales National Regional Local Site Planning / Design scales National Regional Local Site Activities Physical Systems Physical Systems Socials Systems Socials Systems In situ reality-Settings Processes Results Renewable Non Renewable Recoverable PopulationEconomicsPoliticalCultural NaturalCreated

Location analysis decision Prototypes A One Activity Attribute/characteristic Various locations ADCB Many Activities Attribute /Characteristic Same Location 1 Many Activities Attribute /Characteristic Reality Various locations 1 23 ABCD

Understanding Urbanization Dynamics Local  Global Linkages Re-location at national scale Scales NationalGlobal Local/regional New activity/service locates Re-location Drop out Social Political Economic Cultural Growth Stability Decline On-going processes

Land Use Level I –Urban / Agriculture / Rangeland / Forested uplands / Water / Wetlands / Barren Level II - Urban – Residential / Commercial & Services / Industrial / Transportation / Communications & Utilities / Institutional / Recreational / Mixed Use / Open land & Other Level III - Residential – Single unit, low density (<2 DUs) / SU med. density (2-5) / SU high density (< 6) – Multiple dwelling, low rise (2 stories), high rise (3 stories or more) designated by user Source: J. DeChiarra/L. Koppelman, Urban Planning & Design Criteria

Census – Population Data

Understanding Urbanization Dynamics in Developing and Developed Contexts: Integration of Remote Sensing and In Situ Information for Growth Management START Workshop Module on Cities & Sustainability E.G. Arias, R. Pujol and A. Sanchez Relationship 3 1.Satellite Remote sensing data 1,2,3Satellite Remote sensing data 1,2,3 (time – series) 3. Events and Policy Actions Institutional reform; Economic globalization and localization; Changes in public policy; Development strategy shifting; Tourism diversification; Agricultural subsidization; Relationship 1 Relationship 2 2. GIS Ground Information Natural System (eg. ) Rivers and water basin; Open space; Forested area & vegetation; Geological conditions; Rainfall; Meteorological conditions; Hydrological; CREATED SYSTEMS Physical Non - physical Land use Residential Industrial Commercial Transportation Infrastructure Systems Environmental Air Climate Demographic Socio/ Economic Political Legal Administrative

DENVER METROPOLITAN & REGIONAL URBAN GROWTH & LAND USE AND URBANIZATION IN BOULDER COUNTY

A2A2 A1A1 The Susceptibility to Change (STC) Recycling the City : Identifying the Development Suitability Recycling the City : Identifying the Development Suitability Group Locational Alternatives 7 or more yrs 1-2 yrs 3-6 yrs PROBABILITIES CRITICAL COALITION (interest groups) Political Social GIVENS Economic A1A1 A1A1 A1A1 LOCATION ALTERNATIVES A1 A2 Locational Suitability for Redevelopment: The Recycled City

SHORTEST DISTANCE DECREASE TIME NOTION OF MOVEMENT : OBECTIVES & CONCEQUENCES Destinations Industry Recreation Education Spatial fragmentation Social fragmentation Origins Environmental integrity Increase Distance and Decrease Time The origins and destinations relationship is regulated by land-use instruments (zoning or growth management) which limit the type, density and location of urban activities and land use; or by the carrying capacity of systems that sustains such activities. growth management

LEVELS OF KNOLEDGE MODEL FOR LEVELS OF KNOLEDGE MODEL FOR UNDERSTANDING TRANSPORT EMISSIONS AND ENERGY USE IN CITIES VEHICLE CITY REGIONAL WHOLE CITY URBANURBAN PLANNING WITHIN VEHICLE (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING) VEHICLE TO VEHICLE (TRAFFIC ENGINEERING)TRAFFIC ZONES OF CITY (TRANSPORT PLANNING) Kenworthy, J.R. and Newman, P.W.G. (1989)

Public transportation +/- 39% of operating cost of public transportation is paid by fares 60% of cost is paid by Governments Private (Car) Paid mostly by owners (purchase, fuel, maintenance, insurance, parking etc.) Public roads and highways are paid by a variety of taxes Charges on licenses, registration, gas taxes, Highway Trust Fund Highway Trust Fund Funding for Federal highways construction ECONOMICS of TRANSPORTATION Source: Contemporary Urban Planning J. Levy (2003).

Emerging insights in D&P, Land Use and Urbanization Sustainability  Equitable & Sustainable Unlimited resources  Finite Resources Continuous growth & change  notions of evolution Participatory design Useful & Usable Technologies

Looking Ahead: A Design/Planning Thought The future is not out there to be discovered, it needs to be designed and implemented by us … by you!!!