I. Intro to Blood Connective tissue of cells (45%) and liquid plasma (55%) Functions: Old Charlie Foster hates women having dull clothing

1. Oxygen transport 2. Carbon dioxide transport 3. Food transport 4. Hormone transport 5. Waste transport 6. Heat distribution 7. Disease fighting 8. Clotting of damaged blood vessels

II. Formed Elements (Hematocrit) Red blood cells (RBC’s), white blood cells (WBC’s), and platelets. Red Blood Cells (RBC’s) (erythrocytes) Anucleated biconcave disks containing oxygen-carrying hemoglobin. Produced in red bone marrow after birth. Average life span = 120 days Transport oxygen (and CO 2 ) Deficiency in the blood’s oxygen-carrying ability = Anemia

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White Blood Cells (WBC’s) (leukocytes) Help defend the body against disease. Can squeeze between cells lining walls of blood vessels and attack bacteria and debris. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Types Neutrophils (54-62% of leukocytes): Phagocytic (engulf particles) Eosinophils (1-3%): moderate allergic reactions and defend against parasitic infections. Basophils (1%): migrate to damaged tissues and release histamine to promote inflammation and heparin to inhibit blood clotting. Monocytes (3-9%): The largest WBC; phagocytose large particles Lymphocytes (25-33%): Long-lived; major players in immune reactions, some produce antibodies (proteins that attach to pathogens)

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Blood Platelets Cell fragments. Help repair damaged blood vessels by adhering to their broken edges. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

III. Blood Plasma Clear, straw-colored fluid portion of the blood. Mostly water but also contains amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular wastes. Transports nutrients and gases, regulates fluid and electrolyte balance, and maintains a favorable pH. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Plasma Proteins Albumins help maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood and account for 60% of the plasma proteins. Globulins, comprising (36%): Alpha and beta globulins function in transporting lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. Gamma globulins are a type of antibody. Fibrinogen (4%) plays a primary role in blood coagulation. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Gases and Nutrients Most important gases = oxygen and carbon dioxide. Nutrients include amino acids, monosaccharides, nucleotides, and lipids. Lipids are insoluble in plasma, so they are surrounded by proteins = lipoproteins, which are classified by their densities. Types of lipoproteins include HDL, LDL, VLDL, and chylomicrons. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substances (amino acids, urea, and uric acid) By-products of protein and nucleic acid catabolism (break-down). Excreted as part of urine. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Plasma Electrolytes Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate ions. Some are important in maintaining osmotic pressure and pH of the plasma. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

IV. Hemostasis (The stoppage of bleeding): Three steps: Blood Vessel Spasm Cutting a blood vessel causes the muscle in its walls to contract in a reflex = vasospasm. Vasospasm lasts long enough to initiate the next step of hemostasis (a few minutes). Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Platelet Plug Formation Platelets stick to edges of damaged blood vessels and each other, forming a plug. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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Blood Coagulation Damaged tissues release tissue thromboplastin, which activates the production thrombin. Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin (net-like and causes blood cells to catch). After a clot forms, fibroblasts invade the area and produce fibers throughout the clots. Abnormal blood clot = a thrombus; if it dislodges, it is an embolus.

V. Blood Groups and Transfusions Only certain combinations of blood types are compatible. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Antigens and Antibodies Clumping of red blood cells following transfusion is called agglutination (a bad thing). Agglutination is due to the interaction of proteins on the surfaces of red blood cells (antigens) with certain antibodies carried in the plasma. Mixing an antigen with its antibody results in agglutination. Antigens that can cause agglutination include the ABO group and Rh group.

ABO Blood Group Type A blood has A antigens on red blood cells and anti-B antibodies in the plasma. Type B blood has B antigens on red blood cells and anti-A antibodies in the plasma. Type AB blood has both A and B antigens, but no antibodies in the plasma. Type O blood has neither antigen, but both types of antibodies in the plasma. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Rh Blood Group If the Rh factor surface protein is present on red blood cells, the blood is Rh positive (Rh+) otherwise it is Rh negative (Rh-). There are no corresponding antibodies in the plasma unless a person with Rh- blood is transfused with Rh+ blood; the person will then develop antibodies for the Rh factor. Erythroblastosis fetalis develops in Rh+ fetuses of Rh- mothers but can now be prevented.

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Remember Genetics?!?! There can be a couple ways to get each blood type: AA, AO = A blood type BB, BO = B blood type AB = AB blood type OO = O blood type

Answer some blood type questions: 1.Jim has blood type AO and has a baby with Jen who has type O. What is the chance that they will have a baby with type O blood? 2.Jill has type AB and Jack has type B. They have a baby with type A. a.) How is this possible? b.) Can they have a baby with type O?

Antigens and Antibodies Type A blood

Antigens and Antibodies Type B Blood

Antigens and Antibodies Type AB Blood

Antigens and Antibodies Type O Blood

Agglutination What if we mix blood types? Example: Angela has type A blood and needs to receive blood. Doctors mistakenly give her Brady’s type B blood.

Agglutination The blood she received clots her arteries. Angela needs to have much of her blood removed and replaced with A blood.

Agglutination Agglutination is used to test for blood type 1.) If blood agglutinates with A antibodies it is type A 2.) If blood agglutinates with B antibodies it is type B 3.) If blood agglutinates with A & B antibodies it is type AB 4.) If blood agglutinates with no antibodies it is type O

So…Which blood types could be given to someone with… Type AB+ Type AB- Type A+ Type A- Type B+ Type B- Type 0+ Type

Distribution of type A blood About 21% of all people have the “A” allele (Either by AA or AO).

Distribution of type B blood Only 16% of the world’s population carries the “B” allele.

Distribution of type O blood About 63% of the world’s population has the “O” allele.

US Distribution of Blood Types O+ 38 percent of population A+ 34 percent of population B+ 9 percent of population O- 7 percent of population A- 6 percent of population AB+ 3 percent of population B- 2 percent of population AB- 1 percent of population