Thunderstorms About 1,800 T-storms occur around the world at any instant Where do they occur the most? National Lightning Safety Institute.

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Presentation transcript:

Thunderstorms About 1,800 T-storms occur around the world at any instant Where do they occur the most? National Lightning Safety Institute

Satellite lightning frequency: flashes per km 2 per year National Lightning Safety Institute

Where do Thunderstorms occur the most often?

Tornados

Supercell thunderstorms on a visible satellite image

CUMULUS STAGE Dr. M. Pidwirny, Dep. of Geography, Okanagan University College UPDRAFTS An “Air Mass” Thunderstorm, caused by heated surface parcels

MATURE STAGE Dr. M. Pidwirny, Dep. of Geography, Okanagan University College Glaciated anvil top of a mature air-mass thunderstorm

DISSIPATING STAGE DOWNDRAFTS OCCUR IN THE SAME AREA AS THE UPDRAFTS DISSIPATING STAGE (DOWNDRAFTS) Microburst in the region of cold, precipitation laden downdrafts

Microbursts and aviation dangers

Lightning facts: Breakdown potential: 3 MV/meter For a 1000 m strike, how much Voltage needed? Can carry kA The channel can reach degrees C The channel can be seen for over 100 mi. Thunder results from shockwave of exploding hot air channel Sound travels at ~330 m/s in air …one thousand one, one thousand two, one thousand three: Cloud to cloud, Intracloud, Cloud to ground (10%) Sprites and Jets Positive (10%) or negative charge (90%) Process leading to charge separation is complex People still don’t really understand how lightning rods work

Hail 3/4" or larger, or basically the size of any coin or larger (a dime is 11/16" which the NWS accepts as 3/4") Fallen tree limbs with a minimum diameter of an average adult's wrist Living trees uprooted or blown down Any part of a permanent, well-built structure damaged or destroyed Measured wind gust from a calibrated anemometer of 58 MPH (50 knots) or greater NWS definition of a severe thunderstorm

SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS THREE MAIN TYPES: 1)SQUALL LINE THUNDERSTORMS 2) MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE COMPLEX (MCC) 3)SUPERCELL THUNDERSTORMS All three types last much longer than ordinary thunderstorms. All three types need warm air and other factors in order to form.

Squall Line Thundestorms

MCC Nebraska MCC moving Southeast, July 1997 – 7 hour difference between satellite images CIMMS, WISC U *MCC must live more than 6 hrs *MCC high cloud cover must be larger than 18,000 square miles (size of CT, RI, MA) *MCC high cloud cover must be circular in shape

SUPERCELL THUNDERSTORMS

*Vertical Wind Shear *Two Downdrafts

Tornados A rotating column of air

Tornados

Development of Spin in a thunderstorm: Divergence and Wind Shear

Tornado Tracks: Width, length, and intensity vary widely

The New Fujita Scale age.html

Tornado Damage NSSL

Tornado Facts Tornadoproject.com

Area most likely to find favorable conditions for tornados

Size of Tornados

DOPPLER RADAR NWS

May 3, 1999 Oklahoma City Tornado Outbreak NWS Norman

May 3, 1999 Oklahoma City Tornado Outbreak NWS Norman Doppler on Wheels: 301 mph record measured wind speed

May 3, 1999 Oklahoma City Tornado Outbreak NWS Norman

May 3, 1999 Oklahoma City Tornado Outbreak NWS Norman

2011 Southeast US April 27 th outbreak

NOAA-SPC 4/27/11 event data page

Tornados

Sideways Tornado

Rope Tornado