Swinomish Woodstove Change-out Program Implemented by Tony Basabe and Lynette Ikebe Swinomish Air Quality Program Office of Planning and Community Development Swinomish Indian Tribal Community La Conner, WA

Background More than 90% of Tribal homes on the Reservation use wood stoves. Most woodstoves are used as a primary heat source Most of the old wood stoves were non- EPA certified manufactured before st change-out in 2002 (Puget Sound Energy SEP) 13 stoves were changed-out for 10 EPA certified stoves and 3 propane stoves project cost $32, nd change-out (Connoco Phillips SEP) 17 stoves changed out + 4 free stoves provided. Project cost $28, rd change-out 2007(Tribal funding). Changed-out 80 non- EPA certified wood stoves in Tribal homes on the Swinomish Reservation. Project cost $141,000

Make The Vendors Your Partners Research the wood stove manufacturers (you get what you pay for) After initial request for bids make a second and third request for proposals and watch the price go down Do the same process for the installer Ask the vendor for after market parts discounts

2007 SITC Woodstove Change-out Project Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) measurements were taken before and after the change- outs. IAQ measurements were primarily designed to provide information on fine particulate PM2.5 emissions of the old woodstoves compared to the new ones. Home exhaust ventilation systems were manipulated to test for woodstove back-drafting

IAQ woodstove change-out measurements Measurements documentation strategies were based on informal interviews with the Tribal residents regarding their wood stove use practices. IAQ measurements were generally taking during normal work hours 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM. However, several homes were continuously monitored for a few days. IAQ measurements from 15 homes include ambient and indoor PM 2.5, CO, CO 2, room temperature and RH, occupied and crawl space pressure differences and stove temperature.

Figure 3. Locations of all Tribal housing and facilities Figure 1. Locations of all Tribal housing and facilities on the Swinomish Reservation.

Aerial photo (2004) of SITC Village next to the Swinomish Channel across from La Conner, WA

House Temperature 55° F Outside Temperature 35 ° F Scenario 1: No fire (old stove or new stove), no exhaust fans operating – “Stack Effect” = Occupied/ambient Press diff Pa, PM to 273 µg/m 3, CO- 0 to 2 ppm. The size of arrows represent amount of ventilation.

House Temperature 58° F Outside Temperature 35 ° F Scenario 2: Fire starting (old stove), no exhaust fans operating – “Stack Effect” = occupied /ambient Press diff Pa, PM to 353 µg/m3, CO- 0 to 6 ppm. The size of arrows represent amount of ventilation.

Inside house Temperature 60° F Outside Temperature 35 ° F Scenario 3: Fire starting (old stove), one exhaust fan operating + “Stack Effect” = Occupied/ ambient Press diff Pa, PM to 12,600 µg/m3, CO- 0 to 13 ppm. The size of arrows represent amount of ventilation.

House Temperature 58° F Outside Temperature 35 ° F Scenario 4: Fire burning (old stove), 1 or more exhaust fans & dryer operating – “Stack Effect” = occupied /ambient Press diff Pa, PM to 1,200 µg/m3, CO- 0 to 6 ppm The size of arrows represent amount of ventilation.

House Temperature 55-75° F Outside Temperature 45 ° F Scenario 5: Fire starting &burning (new stove), no exhaust fans operating – “Stack Effect” = occupied /ambient Press diff Pa, PM to 25 (1000+ during curing) µg/m 3, CO- 0 to.4 ppm. The size of arrows represent amount of ventilation.

House Temperature 60-75° F Outside Temperature 42-54° F Scenario 6: Fire burning (new stove), 1 or more exhaust fans & dryer operating – “Stack Effect” = occupied /ambient Press diff Pa, PM to 25 µg/m 3, CO- 0 to.2 ppm, The size of arrows represent amount of ventilation.

Take Home Message GOOD NEWS New wood stoves dramatically improve IAQ that includes…. Uses less fuel Less PM 2.5 emissions Less CO emissions Changes air flow dynamics = reduces crawl space and attic space gas influx to occupied space

Bad NEWS New wood stove are not as forgiving as the old when burning wet or green wood that results in creosote buildup and chimney fires First or second fire in new exposes occupants unhealthy levels of PM2.5 and air toxics

Table 1. Aerosol composition form wood stove off gassing during 1st burn of new EPA certified stove. Compound MeanStdev µg/m³ Ethanol Dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC 12) Acetonitrile Acrolein Acetone Propanol (Isopropyl Alcohol) Butanone (MEK) Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene m,p-Xylenes Styrene o-Xylene alpha-Pinene

Table 1 continued Compound MeanStdev µg/m³ 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene d-Limonene Naphthalene n-Decane n-Undecane Chloromethane ,3-Butadiene Trichlorofluoromethane n-Hexane n-Nonane ,3,5-Trimethylbenzene n-Pentanal n-Hexanal n-Heptanal C 10 H 22 Branched Alkane