General and Comparative Endocrinology 125, 67–78 (2002) The Nucleotide Sequences of the Parathyroid Gene in Primates (suborder Anthropoidea) Suchinda Malaivijitnond,* Osamu Takenaka,† Kanya Anukulthanakorn,* and Wichai Cherdshewasart* *Primate Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; and †Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484, Japan 발표일시 : 2002 년 3 월 4 일 발 표 자 : 김 명 숙

ABSTRACT Nucleotide sequences of the parathyroid (PTH) gene of 12 species of primates belonging to suborder Anthropoidea were examined. The PTH gene contains one intron that separates two exons that code the sequence of prepro and PTH, respectively. The intron of the PTH gene in Cebus apella, Callithrix jacchus, and Saguinus oedipus was 102 bp long, whereas a 103-bp intron was observed in the remaining species. Phylogenetic analysis using the nucleotide sequences of PTH revealed that these 12 species of primates of suborder Anthropoidea could be divided into two groups of the infraorder Platyrrhini (C. apella, C. jacchus, and S. oedipus) and the infraorder Catarrhini (Macaca fascicularis, Macaca fuscata, Cercopithecus aethiops, Papio hamadryas, Presbytes obscura, Hylobates lar, Pongo pygmaeus, Pan troglodytes, and Pan paniscus). The latter infraorder could be further subdivided into two subgroups belonging to the superfamily Cercopithecoidea (M. fascicularis, M. fuscata, C. aethiops, P. hamadryas, and P. obscura) and the superfamily Hominoidea (H. lar, P. pygmaeus, P. troglodytes, and P. paniscus). The deduced amino acid sequences of PTH gene between 12 species of nonhuman primates and human revealed no amino acid substitution in mature PTH among orangutans, chimpanzees, and humans. The results indicated that the PTH gene is very conserved among primates, especially between great apes and humans. The apes are the most suitable animals to be used for studying the bone metabolism and applying the knowledge to clinical use in humans. ©2002 Elsevier Science (USA). Key Words: parathyroid hormone; nucleotide sequence; amino acid sequence; primates

INTRODUCTION PTH (=Parathyroid hormone) : -serum calcium -osteoporosis Experimental model : nonhuman primates ex) study of osteoporosis & PTH Objective -to determine PTH gene of 12 nonhuman primates -to provide the basic information of phylogenetic analysis

MATERIALS & METHODS Animals : 12 nonhuman primates species -Order Primates ( 영장목 ) -Suborder Anthropoidea ( 유인원 ) -infraorder Platyrrhini ( 광비류 ) Catarrhini ( 협비류 ) -subgroup -superfamily Cercopithecoidea Hominoidea ( 사람과 )

RESULTS PCR Amplification and Direct Sequencing (Fig. 2) Deduced Amino Acid Sequence (Figs 2, 3, 5) Homology of Nucleotide Sequence of the PTH Gene (Fig. 4) Homology of Amino Acid Sequence of the PTH Gene (Fig. 5) Phylogenetic Analysis of the PTH Nucleotide Sequence (Fig. 6) Phylogenetic Analysis of Deduced Amino Acid Sequence of the PTH Gene

DISCUSSION PCR product : 626 bp, 2 exons and 1 intron Length polymorphism : 102 bp intron-infraorder Platyrrhini 103 bp intron- infraorder Catarrhini PTH is extremely conserved & very high homology, especially between humans and chimpanzees. Chimpanzees may be the most suitable animal model. PTH gene can be used to accurately classify nonhuman primates of the suborder Anthropoidea to the superfamily levels.