Environmental security is environmental viability for life support, with three sub-elements: preventing or repairing military damage to the environment preventing or responding to environmentally caused conflicts protecting the environment due to its inherent moral value.

Preventing or repairing military damage to the environment complex and uncertain international security landscape multipolarity (economic, political, military) increased number of fragile states, national instability, intrastate vs interstate continued growth and power of non-state actors multidimensional conflicts (“hybrid” threats) climate change (nature of operations & impact on military capabilities) technological advancements (weapons & weaponizable) militarization of global commons space, EMP, etc (natural & man-made) new forms of defense strategies and cooperation change of focus from nation-centered to global integration of nontraditional security issues in security strategies strengthening environmental jurisprudence 350 environmental courts in 41 countries (WRI) Convention on Cluster Munitions, NPT legal provisions for liability and redress, language, mechanisms Permanent Court of Arbitration for env. damage during armed conflict, ICC international court on environmental crimes & “rights of Earth”

Water Security Risk Index 2010 >100 water-related conflicts in the past 25 yrs (Pacific Institute) < 4 billion people in areas of high water stress by 2030 (WEF) < 10% of world population at risk of displacement by climate change Global Climate Risk Index 2010 Environmental Performance Index Ecological Footprint Source: Maplecroft http://maplecroft.com/about/news/water-security.html

Policies and Discrepancies by 2030: developing countries will need $75 bill/yr for adaptation $400 tech dev.

Areas of Disagreement access to the polar regions, off-coast resources, and their use enforcement of MEAs monitoring systems and models security implications of environmental aspects biodiversity protection synthetic biology and nanotech safety strategies implications of new weapons technology nuclear non-proliferation climate change and post-Kyoto strategy outer-space security