© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 1 Management Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod Jr. and George P. Schell

© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 2 Chapter 7 Systems Development

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 3 The Systems Approach ► Systems approach — a series of problem-solving steps that ensure the problem is first understood, alternative solutions are considered, and the selected solution works.

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 4 Series of Steps ► Preparation effort prepares the problem solver by providing a systems orientation.  Business areas, level of management, resource flows ► Definition effort consists of identifying the problem to be solved and then understanding it. ► Solution effort involves identifying alternative solutions, evaluating them, selecting the one that appears best, implementing that solution, and following up to ensure that the problem is solved.

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 5 Figure 7.1 Phases and Steps of Systems Approach

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 6 Definition Effort Terminology ► Problem trigger is a signal that things are going better or worse than planned. ► Symptom is a condition that is produced by the problem and is usually more obvious than the root cause of the problem. ► Problem is a condition or event that is harmful or potentially or beneficial or potentially beneficial to the firm.

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 7 Select the Best Solution ► Analysis–a systematic evaluation of options. ► Judgment–the mental process of a single manager. ► Bargaining–negotiations between several managers.

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 8 Systems Development Life Cycle ► Methodology is a recommended way of doing something. ► Systems development life cycle (SDLC) is an application of the systems approach to the development of an information system. ► Traditional SDLC stages are:  Planning  Analysis  Design  Implementation  Use

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 9 Figure 7.4 The Circular Pattern of the System Life Cycle

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 10 Prototyping ► Prototype is a version of a potential system that provides the developers and future users with an idea of how the system in its completed form will function.

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 11 Rapid Application Development ► Rapid Application Development (RAD) It refers to a development life cycle intended to produce systems quickly without sacrificing quality. ► Enterprise is used to describe the entire firm.  Essential to RAD is management, people, methodologies, and tools.  Best suited for large systems.

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 12 Business Process Redesign ► Reengineering or Business process redesign (BPR) is the process of reworking the systems.  Systems include both those that process the firm’s data and those that perform basic functions such as drilling for oil. ► BPR affects the firm’s IT operations in two ways:  Aids in the redesign of old information systems (legacy systems);  Applies to the redesign of information systems to support major operations. ► Usually initiated at strategic management level

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 13 Strategic Initiation of BPR ► Reverse engineering is the process of analyzing an existing system to:  Identify its elements and their interrelationships;  Create documentation at a higher level of abstraction than currently exists. ► Functionality is the job that it performs. ► Reengineering is the complete redesign of a system with the objective of changing its functionality. ► Forward engineering is given to the process of following the SDLC in the normal manner while engaging in BPR.

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 14 BPR Components ► BPR components can be applied separately or in combination. ► Functional quality is a measure of what the system does. ► Technical quality is a measure of how well it does it.

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 15 Project Management ► Steering committee is a committee with the purpose of providing ongoing guidance, direction, and control of all systems projects.

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 16 Project Management Mechanism ► Basis for project management is the project plan. ► Gantt chart is a horizontal bar chart that includes a bar for each task to be performed; bars arranged in time sequence.